Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of hormones in the body?

Accepted Answer

They serve as chemical messengers secreted into the extracellular fluid to regulate physiological processes.

Question 2

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is synthesized and released from the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones have a longer half-life in the blood compared to peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are bound to carrier proteins in the blood, which protects them from degradation.

Question 5

A patient has a tumor in the anterior pituitary that causes excess ACTH secretion. What would you expect to find in terms of cortisol and CRH levels?

Accepted Answer

High cortisol, high ACTH, low CRH

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They are stored in secretory vesicles and released by exocytosis.

Question 7

Which pathway correctly describes the negative feedback regulation of cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol inhibits the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, reducing CRH and ACTH secretion.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary endocrine organs?

Accepted Answer

Primary endocrine organs secrete hormones as their main function, while secondary organs have other primary functions but also secrete hormones.

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is involved in the fight-or-flight response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 10

A patient with a mutation that prevents the synthesis of carrier proteins in the blood would most likely have difficulty transporting which type of hormone?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the mechanism of action of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?

Accepted Answer

It allows hypothalamic hormones to reach the anterior pituitary rapidly and in high concentration.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a long-loop negative feedback mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol inhibits the release of CRH from the hypothalamus.

Question 14

Which hormone is released from the pancreas and is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 15

Which of the following statements about lipophilic hormones is correct?

Accepted Answer

They can cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion and bind to intracellular receptors.

Question 16

A patient has high cortisol, low ACTH, and low CRH. Where is the most likely site of pathology?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal cortex

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why only target cells respond to a specific hormone?

Accepted Answer

Only target cells have the specific receptors for that hormone.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

CRH → ACTH → Cortisol

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic of amine hormones derived from catecholamines?

Accepted Answer

They are stored in vesicles, dissolve in plasma, and bind to cell membrane receptors.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of a mutation that prevents the negative feedback of cortisol on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

CRH and ACTH levels would increase, leading to excess cortisol.

Introduction to the Endocrine System: Hormones, Glands, and Regulation

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