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Common Monosaccharides definitions

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  • Monosaccharide
    A simple carbohydrate with a single sugar unit, forming the basic building block for larger carbohydrates.
  • Aldose
    A sugar containing an aldehyde group, often found at the top of its linear structure.
  • Ketose
    A sugar containing a ketone group, typically located at the second carbon in its linear form.
  • D Glucose
    An aldohexose with a distinct pattern of hydroxyl groups, serving as a reference for other hexoses.
  • D Mannose
    A C2 epimer of glucose, differing only at the second carbon's hydroxyl group orientation.
  • D Galactose
    A C4 epimer of glucose, with the fourth carbon's hydroxyl group oriented opposite to glucose.
  • D Fructose
    A ketohexose derived from glucose by converting the aldehyde to a ketone at the second carbon.
  • D Ribose
    An aldopentose with all chiral carbon hydroxyl groups pointing to the right in its linear form.
  • D Deoxyribose
    An aldopentose similar to ribose but lacking one oxygen atom, distinguishing it from ribose.
  • Epimer
    A stereoisomer differing from another at only one specific chiral carbon position.
  • Aldohexose
    A six-carbon sugar with an aldehyde group, exemplified by glucose, mannose, and galactose.
  • Ketohexose
    A six-carbon sugar with a ketone group, as seen in fructose.
  • Aldopentose
    A five-carbon sugar with an aldehyde group, such as ribose and deoxyribose.
  • Haworth Projection
    A cyclic representation of sugars, showing the spatial arrangement of groups around the ring.
  • Anomeric Carbon
    The carbon in a cyclic sugar where the ring closure occurs, determining alpha or beta configuration.