15. Gene Expression

Introduction to Translation

Transcription and Translation - Protein Synthesis From DNA - Biology

Transcription and Translation: From DNA to Protein

Overview of Translation | Protein Synthesis

 there are two types of ribosomes: one group that synthesizes cytoplasmic proteins only and another type that synthesizes secreted or compartment-specific proteins only 

 proteins destined for secretion or for a specific compartment are all synthesized in the nucleus, whereas cytoplasmic proteins are all synthesized in the cytoplasm 

 No. Proteins are not synthesized within the nucleus. 

 each compartment in the cell (the nucleus, lysosome, and so forth) has its own set of ribosomes that synthesize proteins unique to that compartment 

 some proteins, as they begin to be synthesized, contain a signal region that causes the ribosome with its growing polypeptide to attach to the ER and translocate the polypeptide into the lumen (space) of the ER 

Where does a polypeptide finish translation if it is destined for secretion or for a particular organelle?

Cells are able to distinguish proteins destined for secretion or for segregation to specific intracellular compartments from those that will remain in the cytoplasm because __________.

The A-site acts as the loading site, holding the tRNA with the next amino acid in the polypeptide sequence.

The E-site releases charged tRNA from the ribosome.

The P-site is holding the growing strand of amino acids making up the polypeptide.

A ribosome has three tRNA binding sites. Which answer matches the tRNA binding site with the correct function:

The direction of ribosome movement during translation is in the ______________.

Controlling the rates of transcription and translation is important in bacteria to avoid collisions between ribosomes and RNA polymerases. Calculate what the maximum rate of translation by a ribosome in a bacterial cell would have to be, in units of amino acids per second, so as not to overtake an RNA polymerase that is synthesizing mRNA at a rate of 60 nucleotides per second. How long would it take for this bacterial cell to translate an mRNA containing 1800 codons?

Transcription and Translation

Hydrogen bonding between base pairs of nucleotides.

Van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms.

What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule shown in the figure?<img src="https://static.studychannel-prd.pearsonprd.tech/courses/biology/thumbnails/images/3d8019ec" class="fr-fic fr-dii" style="width: 300px;">

The excess nucleotides (ACCA) will be cleaved off at the ribosome.

The small and large subunits of the ribosome will attach to it.

These nucleotides represent the anti-codon.

The tRNA shown in the figure has its 3′ end projecting beyond its 5′ end. Which of the following processes will occur at this 3′ end?<img src="https://static.studychannel-prd.pearsonprd.tech/courses/biology/thumbnails/images/415ac22b" class="fr-fic fr-dii">

Several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA.

Ribosomes join amino acids to form a polypeptide.

Ribosomes have a binding site for mRNA and three binding site for tRNA molecules.

No protein synthesis within a cell would occur without ribosomes.

Which of the following statements concerning ribosomes are true?

Animation: Ribosomes

BioFlix: Translation

mRNA Translation (Advanced)

Eukaryotic Translation (Protein Synthesis), Animation.

Ribosomal tRNA Binding Sites

Ribosome Subunits

Animation: Overview of Translation

Which component is not directly involved in translation?
a. GTP
b. DNA
c. tRNA
d. ribosomes

Many antibiotics work by blocking the function of ribosomes. Therefore, these antibiotics will:

 No. Ribosomes do not enter the nucleus. 

 tRNA carries amino acid molecules to the nucleus, where they are added to a growing polypeptide chain 

 No. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus. 

 mRNA is synthesized by the bonding of free nucleotides to the bases on the template strand of DNA 

 polypeptides are synthesized at ribosomes, according to instructions carried by mRNA 

Where does translation take place?

During translation in a eukaryotic cell, __________.

Within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mRNA molecule depends partly on
a. the degree of DNA methylation.
b. the rate at which the mRNA is degraded.
c. the number of introns present in the mRNA.
d. the types of ribosomes present in the cytoplasm.

Protein Synthesis (Updated)

Transcription and Translation Overview

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