15. Gene Expression

Introduction to Translation

Transcription and Translation Overview

Transcription and Translation: From DNA to Protein

Overview of Translation | Protein Synthesis

 there are two types of ribosomes: one group that synthesizes cytoplasmic proteins only and another type that synthesizes secreted or compartment-specific proteins only 

 proteins destined for secretion or for a specific compartment are all synthesized in the nucleus, whereas cytoplasmic proteins are all synthesized in the cytoplasm 

 No. Proteins are not synthesized within the nucleus. 

 each compartment in the cell (the nucleus, lysosome, and so forth) has its own set of ribosomes that synthesize proteins unique to that compartment 

 some proteins, as they begin to be synthesized, contain a signal region that causes the ribosome with its growing polypeptide to attach to the ER and translocate the polypeptide into the lumen (space) of the ER 

Where does a polypeptide finish translation if it is destined for secretion or for a particular organelle?

Cells are able to distinguish proteins destined for secretion or for segregation to specific intracellular compartments from those that will remain in the cytoplasm because __________.

The A-site acts as the loading site, holding the tRNA with the next amino acid in the polypeptide sequence.

The E-site releases charged tRNA from the ribosome.

The P-site is holding the growing strand of amino acids making up the polypeptide.

A ribosome has three tRNA binding sites. Which answer matches the tRNA binding site with the correct function:

The direction of ribosome movement during translation is in the ______________.

Controlling the rates of transcription and translation is important in bacteria to avoid collisions between ribosomes and RNA polymerases. Calculate what the maximum rate of translation by a ribosome in a bacterial cell would have to be, in units of amino acids per second, so as not to overtake an RNA polymerase that is synthesizing mRNA at a rate of 60 nucleotides per second. How long would it take for this bacterial cell to translate an mRNA containing 1800 codons?

Transcription and Translation

Hydrogen bonding between base pairs of nucleotides.

Van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms.

What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule shown in the figure?<img src="https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/courses/biology/thumbnails/images/3d8019ec" class="fr-fic fr-dii" style="width: 300px;">

The excess nucleotides (ACCA) will be cleaved off at the ribosome.

The small and large subunits of the ribosome will attach to it.

These nucleotides represent the anti-codon.

The tRNA shown in the figure has its 3′ end projecting beyond its 5′ end. Which of the following processes will occur at this 3′ end?<img src="https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/courses/biology/thumbnails/images/415ac22b" class="fr-fic fr-dii">

Several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA.

Ribosomes join amino acids to form a polypeptide.

Ribosomes have a binding site for mRNA and three binding site for tRNA molecules.

No protein synthesis within a cell would occur without ribosomes.

Which of the following statements concerning ribosomes are true?

Animation: Ribosomes

BioFlix: Translation

mRNA Translation (Advanced)

Eukaryotic Translation (Protein Synthesis), Animation.

Ribosomal tRNA Binding Sites

Ribosome Subunits

Animation: Overview of Translation

Which component is not directly involved in translation?
a. GTP
b. DNA
c. tRNA
d. ribosomes

Many antibiotics work by blocking the function of ribosomes. Therefore, these antibiotics will:

 No. Ribosomes do not enter the nucleus. 

 tRNA carries amino acid molecules to the nucleus, where they are added to a growing polypeptide chain 

 No. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus. 

 mRNA is synthesized by the bonding of free nucleotides to the bases on the template strand of DNA 

 polypeptides are synthesized at ribosomes, according to instructions carried by mRNA 

Where does translation take place?

During translation in a eukaryotic cell, __________.

Within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mRNA molecule depends partly on
a. the degree of DNA methylation.
b. the rate at which the mRNA is degraded.
c. the number of introns present in the mRNA.
d. the types of ribosomes present in the cytoplasm.

Protein Synthesis (Updated)

Transcription and Translation - Protein Synthesis From DNA - Biology

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Biology1&2 with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors 

Jason

General Biology

https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/courses/biology/thumbnails/biology

#FFFFFF

Amoeba Sisters

Armando Hasudungan

Professor Dave Explains

The Organic Chemistry Tutor

DNA Learning Center

Jason Amores Sumpter

Alila Medical Media

Bozeman Science

Hussain Biology

1. Introduction to Biology

2. Chemistry

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy

34. Vascular Plant Transport

35. Soil

36. Plant Reproduction

37. Plant Sensation and Response

38. Animal Form and Function

39. Digestive System

40. Circulatory System

41. Immune System

42. Osmoregulation and Excretion

43. Endocrine System

44. Animal Reproduction

45. Nervous System

46. Sensory Systems

47. Muscle Systems

48. Ecology

49. Animal Behavior

50. Population Ecology

51. Community Ecology

52. Ecosystems

53. Conservation Biology

[BOOK BIO] CLUTCH

Introduction to Types of RNA

Central Dogma

Genetic Code

Steps of Translation

Introduction to Transcription

Review of Transcription vs. Translation

Steps of Transcription

Mutations

Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing

Post-Translational Modification

General Chemistry

Jules

Study the key concepts of Physics with descriptive videos, questions, and more

Physics

Patrick

Financial Accounting

Brian

Dive deep into Psychology with videos, practice problems, and more.

Psychology

Microeconomics

The first in a two-course sequence introduces the basic structure and functions of the human body

Anatomy & Physiology

College Algebra covers algebraic topics and skills necessary to succeed in college-level math

College Algebra

Organic Chemistry

Johnny

Genetics

Kylia

GOB Chemistry

Microbiology

Cell Biology

Analytical Chemistry

Study topics incliding trogonometric functions, identities and equations, solutions of triangles, complex numbers, and other topics as time permits

Trigonometry

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Precalculus with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors

Precalculus

Biochemistry

Macroeconomics

Chemistry

Biology

Math

Business

Social Sciences

Michelle Barry Franco

Building Great Presentations

Eric Zackrison, PhD

Critical Thinking And Problem Solving

Sam Bennett

Embracing Times Of Uncertainty

Nicole Tetreault, PhD

Emotional Intelligence Basics

Eugene Choi, PharmD

Enhancing Your Critical Thinking Skills

Jason Richardson, PsyD

Habits To Win Every Day

Alyssa Lowery, PhD

Having Powerful Advanced Conversations

Don Gilman, EdD

How To Influence & Persuade

Amy Matthews

Leadership Skills For Rising Stars

Listening To Lead

Michael Shermer, PhD

Making Decisions Under Uncertainty

Lynne Hurdle

Mistakes To Avoid When Resolving Conflict

Michael Veltri

Overcoming Decision Making Traps

Mike Vardy

Prioritizing Effectively

Secrets Of Effective Prioritization

Strategies To Build Up Your Creativity

Tools For Decision Making

Tutti Taygerly

Unleash And Advance Your Creativity

Winning Collaboration: How To Work More Effectively With Different Personalities