Planning, managing and providing scientific research and professional and technical services (e.g., physical science, social science, engineering) including laboratory and testing services, and research and development services.

Develop usable, tangible products, using knowledge of biology, chemistry, or engineering. Solve problems related to materials, systems, or processes that interact with humans, plants, animals, microorganisms, or biological materials.

Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers

Biochemical Engineers

Apply knowledge of engineering, biology, and biomechanical principles to the design, development, and evaluation of biological and health systems and products, such as artificial organs, prostheses, instrumentation, medical information systems, and health management and care delivery systems.

Biomedical Engineers

Design and develop medical-technical systems, installations, and equipment such as pacemakers, MRI scanners, and X-ray machines. Monitor the whole manufacturing process from concept design to product implementation. May design product improvements, develop methods and techniques to evaluate design suitability, coordinate initial production, develop test procedures, and design manufacturing diagrams.

Medical Device Engineers

Design and develop technologies used in pharmaceutical research and drug manufacturing, advising pharmaceutical manufacturing plants in the maintenance and operations of those technologies. May design pharmaceutical manufacturing plants and research centers.

Pharmaceutical Engineers

Biotechnology Research and Development; Engineering and Technology

Perform engineering duties in designing, constructing, and testing aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. May conduct basic and applied research to evaluate adaptability of materials and equipment to aircraft design and manufacture. May recommend improvements in testing equipment and techniques.

Aerospace Engineers

Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as architecture and engineering or research and development in these fields.

Architectural and Engineering Managers

Research, design, and develop applications and systems for the automation of production processes. Implement technology and reduce, whenever applicable, human input to reach the full potential of industrial robotics. Oversee the process and ensure all systems run safely and efficiently.

Robotics Engineers

Automation Engineers

Develop new or improved designs for vehicle structural members, engines, transmissions, or other vehicle systems, using computer-assisted design technology. Direct building, modification, or testing of vehicle or components.

Automotive Engineers

Design chemical plant equipment and devise processes for manufacturing chemicals and products, such as gasoline, synthetic rubber, plastics, detergents, cement, paper, and pulp, by applying principles and technology of chemistry, physics, and engineering.

Chemical Engineers

Coordinate the final stages of a project when systems are installed and tested. Ensure the correct functioning of equipment, facilities, and plants to ensure they meet the requirements and specifications. Perform necessary verifications and give final project approval.

Mechanical Engineers

Commissioning Engineers

Develop compliance plans to ensure the engineering complies with regulations, safety measures, and internal directives. Collaborate with engineering planning and design teams to review design data, and identify and resolve product and engineering design issues.

Engineers, All Other

Compliance Engineers

Create, install, and test specific parts of mechanical and electrical systems. Verify that specific parts used in manufactured products and systems are reliable, effective and not conflicting.

Component Engineers

Research, design, develop, or test computer or computer-related equipment for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use. May coordinate the manufacturing and installation of computer or computer-related equipment and components.

Computer Hardware Engineers

Combine technical knowledge of contracts and legal matters with understanding of engineering specifications and principles. Ensure that both parts are aligned in the development of a project and foresee the compliance of all the engineering specifications and matters as defined in contracts.

Contract Engineers

Research, design, develop, test, or coordinate the manufacturing and installation of electrical equipment, components, or systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use.

Electrical Engineers

Research, design, develop, or test electronic components and systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use employing knowledge of electronic theory and materials properties. Design electronic circuits and components for use in fields such as telecommunications, aerospace guidance and propulsion control, acoustics, or instruments and controls.

Electronics Engineers, Except Computer

Electronics Engineers

Design, develop, or evaluate energy-related projects or programs to reduce energy costs or improve energy efficiency during the designing, building, or remodeling stages of construction. May specialize in electrical systems; heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems; green buildings; lighting; air quality; or energy procurement.

Energy Engineers, Except Wind and Solar

Energy Engineers

Provide engineering advice and technical solutions on different projects, which involves defining client needs, developing project plans, coordinating teams, and preparing documentation. May also involve liaising with other professionals involved such as architects, local authorities, and manufacturers.

Engineering Consultants

Direct, develop and manage the Engineering Consulting team. Oversee the development of project plans, provide engineering advice and technical solutions, and liaise with architects, local authorities and manufacturers.

Engineering Consulting Managers

Design drilling patterns and determine the amount of explosives required. Organize and coordinate controlled blasts, report and investigate misfires, and manage explosives magazines.

Explosives Engineers

Research causes of fires, determine fire protection methods, and design or recommend materials or equipment such as structural components or fire-detection equipment to assist organizations in safeguarding life and property against fire, explosion, and related hazards.

Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers

Design, evaluate, modify, or construct fuel cell components or systems for transportation, stationary, or portable applications.

Fuel Cell Engineers

Design objects, facilities, and environments to optimize human well-being and overall system performance, applying theory, principles, and data regarding the relationship between humans and respective technology. Investigate and analyze characteristics of human behavior and performance as it relates to the use of technology.

Human Factors Engineers and Ergonomists

Research, design, and plan the building of facilities that generate electricity from the movement of water. Search for optimal locations, conduct trials, and try different materials to achieve the best result. Develop strategies for more efficient energy production and analyze environmental consequences.

Hydropower Engineers

Design, develop, test, and evaluate integrated systems for managing industrial production processes, including human work factors, quality control, inventory control, logistics and material flow, cost analysis, and production coordination.

Industrial Engineers

Plan, implement, and coordinate safety programs, requiring application of engineering principles and technology, to prevent or correct unsafe environmental working conditions.

Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors

Industrial Health and Safety Engineers

Design, develop, install, and maintain equipment used to monitor and control engineering systems, machinery, and processes. Ensure that these systems and processes operate effectively, efficiently, and safely.

Instrumentation and Control Engineers

Provide IoT solutions to meet consumer needs. May include software development tasks such as defining technical requirements, designing, testing, risk assessment, and troubleshooting.

IoT Engineers

Design, integrate, or improve manufacturing systems or related processes. May work with commercial or industrial designers to refine product designs to increase producibility and decrease costs.

Manufacturing Engineers

Design and oversee construction and repair of marine craft and floating structures such as ships, barges, tugs, dredges, submarines, torpedoes, floats, and buoys. May confer with marine engineers.

Marine Engineers and Naval Architects

Marine Architects

Design, develop, and take responsibility for the installation of ship machinery and related equipment including propulsion machines and power supply systems.

Marine Engineers

Evaluate materials and develop machinery and processes to manufacture materials for use in products that must meet specialized design and performance specifications. Develop new uses for known materials. Includes those engineers working with composite materials or specializing in one type of material, such as graphite, metal and metal alloys, ceramics and glass, plastics and polymers, and naturally occurring materials. Includes metallurgists and metallurgical engineers, ceramic engineers, and welding engineers.

Materials Engineers

Perform engineering duties in planning and designing tools, engines, machines, and other mechanically functioning equipment. Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and repair of equipment such as centralized heat, gas, water, and steam systems.

Research, design, develop, or test automation, intelligent systems, smart devices, or industrial systems control.

Mechatronics Engineers

Extract useable metals from ores and recyclable material. Deal with all aspects of the production and application of metals and their alloys including design methods, extraction process, and refinement.

Metallurgical Engineers

Research, design, develop, or test microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices.

Microsystems Engineers

Oversee health and safety systems at mining operations. Report workplace accidents, compile accident statistics, estimate risks to employee safety and health, and suggest solutions or new measurements and techniques.

Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers

Mine Safety Officers

Plan, organize, and supervise activities that use sophisticated processes and new technologies to extract and refine valuable minerals from raw ores.

Mineral Process Engineers

Conduct subsurface surveys to identify the characteristics of potential land or mining development sites. May specify the ground support systems, processes, and equipment for safe, economical, and environmentally sound extraction or underground construction activities. May inspect areas for unsafe geological conditions, equipment, and working conditions. May design, implement, and coordinate mine safety programs.

Mining and Geological Engineers

Design, develop, or coordinate the production of materials, devices, or systems of unique molecular or macromolecular composition, applying principles of nanoscale physics and electrical, chemical, or biological engineering.

Nanosystems Engineers

Conduct research on nuclear engineering projects or apply principles and theory of nuclear science to problems concerned with release, control, and use of nuclear energy and nuclear waste disposal.

Nuclear Engineers

Devise methods to improve oil and gas extraction and production and determine the need for new or modified tool designs. Oversee drilling and offer technical advice.

Petroleum Engineers

Design technologies specializing in light information or light energy, such as laser or fiber optics technology.

Photonics Engineers

Design and operate facilities that distribute power from the distribution facility to the consumers. Research methods for the optimization of power distribution, ensure the consumers' needs are met, and ensure compliance to safety regulations by monitoring the automated processes in plants and directing workflow.

Power Distribution Engineers

Design, produce, and maintain structures, systems, and components in chemical, petrochemical, agricultural, mineral processing, food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological plants. Develop and apply engineering standards and procedures and provide advice on issues, including problem solving and the assessment of new technologies.

Process Engineers

Develop and conduct tests to evaluate product safety levels and recommend measures to reduce or eliminate hazards.

Product Safety Engineers

Design and implement radio frequency identification device (RFID) systems used to track shipments or goods.

Radio Frequency Identification Device Specialists

Develop, coordinate, and conduct technical reliability studies to prevent or reduce the likelihood or frequency of asset failures during their lifecycle.

Reliability Engineers

Research, design, develop, or test robotic applications.

Perform site-specific engineering analysis or evaluation of energy efficiency and solar projects involving residential, commercial, or industrial customers. Design solar domestic hot water and space heating systems for new and existing structures, applying knowledge of structural energy requirements, local climates, solar technology, and thermodynamics.

Solar Energy Systems Engineers

Design, develop, test, and supervise medium and high voltage substations used for the transmission, distribution, and generation of electrical energy. Develop methods for the efficient operation of the energy process, and ensure compliance to safety and environmental standards.

Substation Engineers

Maintain, design, or repair thermodynamical systems which provide heating or cooling or transfer heat or energy. Perform tests to ensure proper functionality.

Thermal Engineers

Design or plan protocols for equipment or processes to produce products meeting internal and external purity, safety, and quality requirements.

Validation Engineers

Research and develop welding techniques and design the corresponding equipment to aid in the welding process. Plan, prepare, and execute welding projects in a variety of industrial settings. Conduct quality control and evaluate inspection procedures for welding activities. May manage a team of welders.

Welding Engineers

Design underground or overhead wind farm collector systems and prepare and develop site specifications.

Wind Energy Engineers

Engineering and Technology

Collaborate with platform engineers, business subject matter experts and technology delivery teams to deliver strategic cognitive computing research projects form design to execution.

Computer and Information Research Scientists

AI Research Scientists

Research, evaluate, and establish public policy concerning the origins of humans; their physical, social, linguistic, and cultural development; and their behavior, as well as the cultures, organizations, and institutions they have created.

Anthropologists and Archeologists

Anthropologists

Conduct research to reconstruct record of past human life and culture from human remains, artifacts, architectural features, and structures recovered through excavation, underwater recovery, or other means of discovery.

Archeologists

Observe, research, and interpret astronomical phenomena to increase basic knowledge or apply such information to practical problems.

Astronomers

Investigate atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data, gathered by surface and air stations, satellites, and radar to prepare reports and forecasts for public and other uses. Includes weather analysts and forecasters whose functions require the detailed knowledge of meteorology.

Atmospheric and Space Scientists

Study the chemical composition or physical principles of living cells and organisms, their electrical and mechanical energy, and related phenomena. May conduct research to further understanding of the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. May determine the effects of foods, drugs, serums, hormones, and other substances on tissues and vital processes of living organisms.

Biochemists and Biophysicists

Conduct research using bioinformatics theory and methods in areas such as pharmaceuticals, medical technology, biotechnology, computational biology, proteomics, computer information science, biology and medical informatics. May design databases and develop algorithms for processing and analyzing genomic information, or other biological information.

Bioinformatics Scientists

Research or study basic principles of plant and animal life, such as origin, relationship, development, anatomy, and functions.

Biologists

Perform all laboratory methods required as part of medical examination, treatment and research activities, particularly clinical-chemical, haematological, immuno-haematological, histological, cytological, microbiological, parasitological, mycological, serological and radiological tests. Perform analytical sample testing and report the results to the medical staff for further diagnosis. May apply these methods in the infection, blood or cellular sciences.

Biological Scientists, All Other

Biomedical Scientists

Develop and apply biostatistical theory and methods to the study of life sciences.

Biostatisticians

Study the genetic, chemical, and physical attributes of cells, tissues, and organisms, and identify practical uses for improving industrial processes.

Biotechnologists

Research, study, and prepare maps and other spatial data in digital or graphic form for one or more purposes, such as legal, social, political, educational, and design purposes. May work with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). May design and evaluate algorithms, data structures, and user interfaces for GIS and mapping systems. May collect, analyze, and interpret geographic information provided by geodetic surveys, aerial photographs, and satellite data.

Cartographers and Photogrammetrists

Conduct qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses or experiments in laboratories for quality or process control or to develop new products or knowledge.

Chemists

Research and analyze policy developments related to climate change. Make climate-related recommendations for actions such as legislation, awareness campaigns, or fundraising approaches.

Climate Change Policy Analysts

Climate Change Analysts

Apply knowledge of health care and database management to analyze clinical data, and to identify and report trends.

Clinical Data Managers

Clinical Data Management Specialist

Research aspects of the planning, collection, creation, organization, preservation, use, evaluation, and exchange of information through verbal or non-verbal communication. Study the interactions between groups, individuals, and individuals with technologies (robots).

Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other

Communication Scientists

Conduct research into fundamental computer and information science as theorists, designers, or inventors. Develop solutions to problems in the field of computer hardware and software.

Manage, improve, and protect natural resources to maximize their use without damaging the environment. May conduct soil surveys and develop plans to eliminate soil erosion or to protect rangelands. May instruct farmers, agricultural production managers, or ranchers in best ways to use crop rotation, contour plowing, or terracing to conserve soil and water; in the number and kind of livestock and forage plants best suited to particular ranges; and in range and farm improvements, such as fencing and reservoirs for stock watering.

Conservation Scientists

Research criminal behavior and examine trends in criminal behavior and crime. Provide information to government, law enforcement officials, and policymakers about crime and the ways in which people are processed by the criminal justice system. May advise organisations on the prevention of crime.

Sociologists

Criminologists

Import, inspect, clean, transform, validate, model, or interpret collections of data to improve business decisions and processes. Ensure that the data sources and repositories provide consistent and reliable data using different algorithms and IT tools. May prepare reports in the form of visualisations such as graphs, charts, and dashboards.

Data Scientists

Data Analysts

Identify, prioritize, and undertake a range of research and analytical activities leveraging all available data assets to help solve complex business problems through the development and application of advanced statistical modeling techniques.

Data Consultants

Develop, construct, test and maintain architectures, such as databases and large-scale processing systems.

Data Engineers

Develop and implement a set of techniques or analytics applications to transform raw data into meaningful information using data-oriented programming languages and visualization software. Apply data mining, data modeling, natural language processing, and machine learning to extract and analyze information from large structured and unstructured datasets. Visualize, interpret, and report data findings. May create dynamic data reports.

Conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans to address economic problems related to the production and distribution of goods and services or monetary and fiscal policy. May collect and process economic and statistical data using sampling techniques and econometric methods.

Economists

Provide advice on the protection and management of natural resources to companies and governments that exploit these resources. Guide companies on an appropriate policy for exploiting natural resources in industrial contexts, raise awareness on health issues, and ensure the conservation of ecosystems for sustainable interventions in natural habitats.

Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health

Environmental Consultants

Conduct economic analysis related to environmental protection and use of the natural environment, such as water, air, land, and renewable energy resources. Evaluate and quantify benefits, costs, incentives, and impacts of alternative options using economic principles and statistical techniques.

Environmental Economists

Research, analyze, develop, and implement policies related to the environment. Provide expert advice to entities such as commercial organizations, government agencies, and land developers to reduce the impact of industrial, commercial, and agricultural activities on the environment. Provide administration support for environmental policies.

Environmental Policy Officers

Collaborate with field and biology staff to oversee the implementation of restoration projects and to develop new products. Process and synthesize complex scientific data into practical strategies for restoration, monitoring or management.

Environmental Restoration Planners

Conduct research or perform investigation for the purpose of identifying, abating, or eliminating sources of pollutants or hazards that affect either the environment or public health. Using knowledge of various scientific disciplines, may collect, synthesize, study, report, and recommend action based on data derived from measurements or observations of air, food, soil, water, and other sources.

Environmental Scientists and Specialists

Conduct research into the background of individuals or families to trace history and lineage, which may be used to trace missing beneficiaries. Analyze public records, conduct informal interviews, and perform genetic analyses to gain information. Coordinate the research of archival technicians and records clerks and disseminate their research results into a report that can be presented to a client.

Historians

Genealogists

Research and study the inheritance of traits at the molecular, organism or population level. May evaluate or treat patients with genetic disorders.

Geneticists

Analyze the age, nature, and components of rock, minerals, soil, and other environmental samples. Conduct sample tests and checks, including gas chromatography, carbon and isotope data, viscosity, and solvent extraction.

Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers

Geochemists

Study the nature and use of areas of the Earth's surface, relating and interpreting interactions of physical and cultural phenomena. Conduct research on physical aspects of a region, including land forms, climates, soils, plants, and animals, and conduct research on the spatial implications of human activities within a given area, including social characteristics, economic activities, and political organization, as well as researching interdependence between regions at scales ranging from local to global.

Geographers

Study the physical characteristics of the earth and apply physical measurements to geological situations. Use principles of gravity, seismicity and electromagnetics to identify the structure and composition of the earth.

Geophysicists

Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth's internal composition, atmospheres, and oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists.

Geoscientists

Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters.

Interpret technical data and information from maps and historical documents to build a conceptual model of groundwater flow and quality. Design and complete investigations, which may include environmental measurement and sampling, and use modeling techniques to make predictions about future trends and impacts on groundwater flow and quality.