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A&P Exam 2 material quiz 6

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Terms in this set (21)

  • What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

    The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

  • What are the two layers of the periosteum and their functions?

    The outer fibrous layer provides protection and attachment for tendons and ligaments. The inner cellular layer contains osteogenic cells for bone growth and repair.

  • What are the general characteristics of cartilage tissue?

    Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue with a firm, gel-like matrix, lacking blood vessels, and provides support and cushioning in joints.

  • Name the three types of cartilage and their typical locations.

    Hyaline cartilage: nose, trachea, ends of long bones; Elastic cartilage: ear, epiglottis; Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.

  • What are the main cell types in osseous tissue and their functions?

    Osteoblasts build bone matrix; osteocytes maintain bone tissue; osteoclasts resorb bone; osteogenic cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

  • What is the macro-anatomy of a long bone?

    A long bone has a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), medullary cavity (marrow space), and is covered by the periosteum.

  • What are the two types of osseous tissue?

    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and found inside bones, especially at the epiphyses.

  • Where is compact bone located within a long bone?

    Compact bone forms the outer shell of the diaphysis and provides strength for weight bearing.

  • Where is spongy bone found within a long bone?

    Spongy bone is located mainly in the epiphyses and inside flat bones, containing red bone marrow for blood cell production.

  • What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?

    The osteon or Haversian system, consisting of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal with blood vessels.

  • What is the function of osteocytes in bone tissue?

    Osteocytes maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells to regulate bone remodeling.

  • What role do osteoclasts play in bone tissue?

    Osteoclasts break down bone matrix during bone resorption, important for growth, repair, and calcium homeostasis.

  • Describe the composition of the periosteum's outer fibrous layer.

    It is made of dense irregular connective tissue that anchors blood vessels and nerves and provides attachment points for muscles.

  • What is the function of the inner cellular layer of the periosteum?

    It contains osteogenic cells that differentiate into osteoblasts for bone growth and healing.

  • What is the medullary cavity and its function?

    The medullary cavity is the hollow space inside the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow for fat storage.

  • How does cartilage differ from bone in terms of blood supply?

    Cartilage is avascular (no blood vessels), while bone is highly vascularized, allowing for faster repair and remodeling.

  • What type of cartilage covers the ends of long bones?

    Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces to reduce friction and absorb shock in joints.

  • What is the role of elastic cartilage?

    Elastic cartilage provides flexible support and maintains shape in structures like the ear and epiglottis.

  • Where is fibrocartilage typically found and what is its function?

    Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis, providing strong support and shock absorption.

  • What is the main organic component of bone matrix?

    Collagen fibers provide tensile strength and flexibility to bone.

  • What mineral primarily makes up the inorganic portion of bone matrix?

    Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate crystals) provides hardness and resistance to compression.