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A&P Exam 4

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Terms in this set (51)

  • where two or more bones meet

    joint

  • What are the three functional categories of joints?

    Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis

  • What are the three structural classifications of joints?

    Suture, Cartilaginous symphysis, Synovial joint

  • What are the main components of a synovial joint?
    Articular cartilage, joint cavity, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, fibrous capsule, articular capsule, and ligaments.

  • Lubricates the joint, reduces friction, nourishes cartilage, and helps absorb shock.

    synovial fluid

  • Name the six types of synovial joints

    Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid , Saddle, Ball-and-socket

  • What accessory structures support the knee joint?
    Ligaments, menisci, bursae, tendons, and fat pads.
  • What are the four major knee ligaments?
    ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), PCL (posterior cruciate ligament), MCL (medial collateral ligament), LCL (lateral collateral ligament).
  • What are the main movements of joints?
    Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation.
  • Define supination and pronation.
    Supination: Rotates forearm so palm faces up/forward; Pronation: Rotates forearm so palm faces down/backward.

  • Turns sole of foot inward

    Inversion

  • What is opposition in joint movement?
    Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips.
  • What embryonic tissue gives rise to bones, cartilage, and connective tissues?
    Mesenchyme, mainly from embryonic mesoderm.
  • What does arthralgia mean?
    Joint pain.
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?
    Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
  • What is the order of muscle organization from smallest to largest?
    Myofilaments → Myofibrils → Muscle fiber → Fascicle → Whole muscle.
  • What are the three connective tissue sheaths surrounding muscle?
    Epimysium (whole muscle), Perimysium (fascicle), Endomysium (muscle fiber).

  • Site where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber; releases acetylcholine to trigger muscle contraction.

    neuromuscular junction

  • What are the steps of excitation-contraction coupling?
    1. Action potential on sarcolemma; 2. Down T tubules; 3. SR releases calcium; 4. Calcium binds troponin; 5. Tropomyosin moves; 6. Myosin binds actin; 7. Sarcomere shortens; 8. Calcium reabsorbed.

  • Actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere without filaments themselves shortening.

    sliding filament theory

  • What are the three main energy sources for muscle contraction?
    Stored ATP, creatine phosphate, and cellular respiration.

  • Inability to maintain force during continued activity due to ion imbalance, energy depletion, or muscle function changes.

    muscle fatigue

  • What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?
    Isotonic: muscle changes length and moves; Isometric: muscle produces tension without length change.

  • One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.

    motor unit

  • What are the three muscle fiber types?

    Slow oxidative (Type I), Fast oxidative-glycolytic (Type IIa), Fast glycolytic (Type IIx)

  • Where is smooth muscle found?
    Walls of hollow organs like stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.

  • What is origin

    less movable attachment

  • What are the four types of fascicle arrangements?
    Parallel, convergent, circular, and pennate.

  • functional catagory of joints: immovable

    synarthrosis

  • functional catagory of joints: slightly movable

    amphiarthrosis

  • functional catagory of joints: freely movable

    diarthrosis

  • which type of muscle is striated

    skeletal

  • which type of muscle is voluntary

    cardiac

  • which type of muscle is involuntary

    smooth/non striated

  • what is a more movable attachment

    insertion

  • what is the main mover

    agonist

  • what opposes movement

    antagonist

  • what assists agonist

    synergist

  • structural classifications of joints: fibrous joint connecting skull bones

    suture

  • structural classification of joints: bones joined by fibrocartilage like the pubic system

    cartilaginouse symphysis

  • structural classification of joints: freely movable such as the knee

    synovial joints

  • muscle fiber properties: slow, fatigue-resistant

    slow oxidative( type 1)

  • muscle fiber properties: fast, moderate fatigue resistance

    fast oxifative-glycolytic( type IIa )

  • muscle fiber properties: very fast, fatigues quickly

    fast glycolytic (type IIx )

  • synovial joint ex: flat surfaces slide past each other such as wrist bones

    plane(grinding) joint

  • synovial joint ex: move back and forth in one direction such as the elbow

    hinge joint

  • synovial joint ex: one bone roatated around another such as the atlas and axis in the neck

    pivot joints

  • synovial joints ex: allows movement back and forth and side to side like the knuckles

    condyloid joints

  • synovial joints ex: allows movement in almost all directions including roatation such as shoulder or hip

    ball-and-socket joint

  • synovial joint ex: allows movement in two direction such as the base of the thumb

    saddle joint

  • Turns sole of foot outward.

    Eversion