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Anatomy & Physiology: Articulations and Joint Movements

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Terms in this set (27)

  • What is a suture joint?
    A suture is a synarthrotic joint where the edges of bones are interlocked and bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue, found only in the skull.
  • Define gomphosis.
    A gomphosis is a synarthrotic fibrous joint where a tooth is bound to its socket by the periodontal ligament.
  • What characterizes a synchondrosis joint?
    A synchondrosis is a rigid cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage, such as the epiphyseal plate or the first rib to the sternum.
  • Describe synostosis.
    A synostosis is a totally rigid, immovable joint formed when two bones fuse and the boundary disappears, like the epiphyseal lines of long bones.
  • What is a syndesmosis joint?
    A syndesmosis is a fibrous joint where bones are connected by ligaments, such as the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula.
  • Explain symphysis joints.
    A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint where bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage, like the pubic symphysis.
  • What is the function of bursae in joints?
    Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub over bones, reducing friction.
  • What is gliding movement in synovial joints?
    Gliding is a linear motion where two flat surfaces slide past each other, such as between carpal or tarsal bones.
  • Define flexion and extension movements.
    Flexion decreases the angle between bones, while extension increases the angle, returning a body part to anatomical position.
  • What is hyperextension?
    Hyperextension is extension beyond the anatomical position, increasing the angle between bones past normal range.
  • Describe abduction and adduction.
    Abduction moves a limb away from the body's midline, while adduction moves it toward the midline.
  • What is circumduction?
    Circumduction is a circular movement of a limb without rotation, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
  • Explain medial and lateral rotation.
    Medial rotation turns a bone toward the body's midline; lateral rotation turns it away from the midline.
  • What are pronation and supination?
    Pronation rotates the forearm so the palm faces down; supination rotates it back to the palm facing up.
  • Define inversion and eversion of the foot.
    Inversion turns the sole of the foot medially (inward); eversion turns it laterally (outward).
  • What is dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
    Dorsiflexion lifts the toes upward; plantar flexion points the toes downward, like standing on tiptoe.
  • Describe opposition and reposition of the thumb.
    Opposition moves the thumb toward the fingers for grasping; reposition moves the thumb back to anatomical position.
  • What is protraction and retraction?
    Protraction moves a body part forward; retraction moves it backward, such as the mandible.
  • What is lateral flexion of the vertebral column?
    Lateral flexion bends the vertebral column side to side.
  • Name the six types of synovial joints by shape.
    The six types are gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
  • Characteristics of hinge joints?
    Hinge joints allow angular motion in one plane (monaxial), like the elbow and knee.
  • What is a pivot joint?
    A pivot joint allows rotation around a single axis, such as the atlanto-axial joint.
  • Describe condylar joints.
    Condylar joints have an oval articular face that fits into a depression, allowing biaxial motion, e.g., wrist joints.
  • What are saddle joints?
    Saddle joints are biaxial joints permitting angular movement, like the thumb carpometacarpal joint.
  • Describe ball-and-socket joints.
    Ball-and-socket joints have a round head fitting into a cup-shaped socket, allowing triaxial movement, e.g., shoulder and hip joints.
  • What factors limit joint range of motion to prevent injury?
    Joint capsules, ligaments, shapes of articulating surfaces, menisci, and surrounding bones, muscles, or fat pads limit range of motion.
  • What is bursitis?
    Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa, causing pain and swelling near joints.