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Anatomy & Physiology: Blood, Heart, Vessels, Lymphatics, and Immune System

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Terms in this set (31)

  • Functions of blood

    Transport of gases, nutrients, and wastes; regulation of pH and temperature; protection via clotting and immune cells.

  • Composition of blood

    Plasma (55%), formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (45%).

  • Five types of white blood cells and their functions

    Neutrophils (phagocytosis), Lymphocytes (adaptive immunity), Monocytes (macrophages), Eosinophils (parasite defense), Basophils (inflammation mediator).

  • Relative amounts of white blood cells

    Neutrophils ~60%, Lymphocytes ~30%, Monocytes ~6%, Eosinophils ~3%, Basophils <1% of total WBCs.

  • Functions of red blood cells (RBCs)

    Transport oxygen via hemoglobin and carry carbon dioxide away from tissues.

  • Functions of platelets

    Initiate blood clotting by forming a platelet plug and releasing clotting factors.

  • Components of plasma

    Water, proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products.

  • Normal pH of blood

    Approximately 7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline.

  • Hematocrit

    Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells, typically around 45%.

  • Blood disorders: anemia and leukemia

    Anemia: low RBC or hemoglobin; Leukemia: cancer of white blood cells causing abnormal WBC production.

  • Blood types and blood typing

    Based on presence of A, B antigens and Rh factor on RBCs; determines compatibility for transfusions.

  • Hemoglobin structure and function

    Protein with 4 subunits each containing heme; binds oxygen reversibly for transport.

  • Hemostasis and blood clotting

    Process includes vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation cascade to form fibrin clot.

  • Production of blood cells: erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, thrombopoiesis

    RBCs from erythropoiesis, WBCs from leukopoiesis, platelets from thrombopoiesis; all occur in red bone marrow.

  • Hormones stimulating blood cell production

    Erythropoietin stimulates RBCs; colony-stimulating factors stimulate WBCs; thrombopoietin stimulates platelets.

  • Functions of the cardiovascular system

    Transport blood, deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove wastes, regulate temperature and pH.

  • Heart chambers and valves

    Four chambers: right/left atria and ventricles; valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic prevent backflow.

  • Layers of the heart wall

    Epicardium (outer), myocardium (muscle), endocardium (inner lining).

  • Systemic vs pulmonary circuit

    Systemic: heart to body and back; Pulmonary: heart to lungs and back for gas exchange.

  • Differences between cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle

    Cardiac: striated, involuntary, intercalated discs; Smooth: non-striated, involuntary; Skeletal: striated, voluntary.

  • Coronary arteries and cardiac veins function

    Supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle and remove deoxygenated blood.

  • Cardiac cycle phases

    Systole: contraction and blood ejection; Diastole: relaxation and chamber filling.

  • Stroke volume and cardiac output

    Stroke volume: blood pumped per beat; Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate.

  • Intrinsic conduction system of the heart

    Includes SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers; controls heartbeat rhythm.

  • Regulation of heart rate

    Sympathetic increases rate and force; parasympathetic decreases rate.

  • Blood vessel types and functions

    Arteries: carry blood away from heart; veins: carry blood to heart; capillaries: exchange sites.

  • Blood pressure components

    Systolic: pressure during heart contraction; Diastolic: pressure during relaxation; Mean arterial pressure averages flow.

  • Capillary pressure dynamics

    Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out; osmotic pressure pulls fluid in; balance controls filtration and reabsorption.

  • Lymphatic system primary organs and functions

    Red marrow (blood cell production), thymus (T cell maturation), spleen (filters blood), lymph nodes (filter lymph).

  • Innate immune system defenses

    Surface barriers, inflammation, phagocytes, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, fever.

  • Adaptive immunity: B cells vs T cells

    B cells produce antibodies (humoral immunity); T cells kill infected cells or help other immune cells (cell-mediated immunity).