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Anatomy & Physiology: Bone, Skeletal System, Joints, and Nervous System Study Guide

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Terms in this set (29)

  • Four major classes of bones by shape

    Long, short, flat, and irregular bones differ by shape and function. Long bones are longer than wide, short bones are cube-shaped, flat bones are thin and curved, and irregular bones have complex shapes.

  • Four types of bone cells and their functions

    Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, osteoclasts resorb bone, and bone lining cells regulate calcium and bone surface maintenance.

  • Bone with diaphysis and epiphyses shape type

    A bone with a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses (ends) is a long bone, characterized by length greater than width and shaft with two ends.

  • Effect of collagen deficiency on bone structure

    Collagen deficiency weakens bone matrix, causing brittle bones as collagen provides tensile strength and flexibility.

  • Functional difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

    Osteoblasts synthesize and deposit bone matrix, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue during resorption.

  • Components and function of an osteon

    An osteon includes central canal (blood vessels), lamellae (concentric rings), lacunae (osteocyte spaces), and canaliculi (channels for nutrient exchange).

  • Steps of interstitial bone growth

    Interstitial growth involves chondrocyte division, matrix secretion, calcification, and replacement by bone tissue, lengthening the bone.

  • Intramembranous ossification process

    Bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue without cartilage, involving osteoblast differentiation and matrix secretion.

  • Role of osteoblasts in intramembranous ossification

    Osteoblasts differentiate from mesenchymal cells and secrete bone matrix to form flat bones.

  • Endochondral ossification process

    Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage with bone tissue, involving cartilage growth, calcification, and osteoblast activity.

  • Differences between intramembranous and endochondral ossification

    Intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchyme; endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with bone.

  • Epiphyseal plate vs epiphyseal line

    The epiphyseal plate is a cartilage growth plate in children; the epiphyseal line is the ossified remnant in adults.

  • Puberty hormones and height differences

    Increased testosterone and estrogen during puberty accelerate bone growth and epiphyseal plate closure, influencing height differences between sexes.

  • Bone deposition: exercise vs sedentary person

    A person who exercises experiences more bone deposition due to mechanical stress stimulating osteoblast activity.

  • Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in calcium regulation

    PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts; calcitriol enhances calcium absorption in intestines.

  • Effect of vitamin C and D deficiency on bones

    Vitamin C deficiency impairs collagen synthesis weakening bone; vitamin D deficiency reduces calcium absorption causing soft bones.

  • Difference between ossification and calcification

    Ossification is bone tissue formation; calcification is deposition of calcium salts in tissue.

  • Four steps of bone fracture repair

    Fracture repair includes hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • Role of epiphyseal plate in longitudinal growth

    The epiphyseal plate allows lengthwise bone growth by cartilage proliferation and ossification.

  • Effect of damaged epiphyseal plate on growth

    Damage to the epiphyseal plate can halt or reduce longitudinal growth, potentially causing limb length discrepancies.

  • Can ossification occur without calcification during growth?

    No, calcification is necessary for ossification as calcium salts harden the bone matrix.

  • Effect of reduced osteoblast activity with normal osteoclast activity

    Bone resorption exceeds deposition, leading to bone loss and weakened structure.

  • Two structural divisions of the skeletal system

    Axial skeleton includes skull, vertebrae, ribs; appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.

  • Bones of the pelvic girdle

    The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) and sacrum.

  • Bones of the pectoral girdle

    The pectoral girdle includes the clavicle and scapula.

  • Facial vs cranial bones of the head

    Cranial bones protect the brain; facial bones form the face structure.

  • Major bones of upper and lower limbs

    Upper limb: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges. Lower limb: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

  • Three functional joint types and examples

    Synarthrosis: immovable (skull sutures), amphiarthrosis: slightly movable (intervertebral discs), diarthrosis: freely movable (shoulder joint).

  • Structure and mobility of fibrous joints

    Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue and allow little or no movement.