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Anatomy & Physiology: Bone Structure and Growth

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Terms in this set (28)

  • Functions of the skeletal system

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

  • Classification of bones by shape

    Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones based on shape and structure.

  • Gross structure of long bones

    Consists of a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis, medullary cavity, and periosteum.

  • Gross structure of short bones

    Cube-shaped, mostly spongy bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

  • Gross structure of flat bones

    Thin, flattened, and usually curved with two parallel layers of compact bone enclosing spongy bone.

  • Gross structure of irregular bones

    Complex shapes with thin layers of compact bone surrounding spongy bone.

  • Gross structure of sesamoid bones

    Small, round bones embedded in tendons, e.g., the patella.

  • Differences between red and yellow bone marrow

    Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow stores fat.

  • Inorganic components of bone extracellular matrix

    Primarily hydroxyapatite crystals made of calcium phosphate providing hardness.

  • Organic components of bone extracellular matrix

    Mostly collagen fibers providing tensile strength and flexibility.

  • Functions of osteoblasts

    Bone-forming cells that secrete matrix and initiate calcification.

  • Functions of osteocytes

    Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix and communicate mechanical stress.

  • Functions of osteoclasts

    Bone-resorbing cells that break down bone matrix during remodeling.

  • Microscopic structure of compact bone

    Organized into osteons with central canals, concentric lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculi.

  • Components of an osteon

    Central canal, concentric lamellae, osteocytes in lacunae, and canaliculi connecting cells.

  • Microscopic structure of spongy bone

    Consists of trabeculae with osteocytes in lacunae and spaces filled with marrow.

  • Primary vs secondary bone

    Primary bone is immature, woven bone; secondary bone is mature, lamellar bone.

  • Intramembranous ossification process

    Bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model.

  • Endochondral ossification process

    Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage with bone tissue.

  • How long bones grow in length

    Growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate by cartilage proliferation and ossification.

  • Longitudinal vs appositional bone growth

    Longitudinal increases length; appositional increases diameter/thickness.

  • Hormones involved in bone growth

    Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone).

  • Bone resorption and deposition

    Osteoclasts break down bone; osteoblasts build new bone matrix.

  • Factors influencing bone remodeling

    Physical stress, hormones, and diet (calcium and vitamin D).

  • Role of calcitonin in bone remodeling

    Inhibits osteoclast activity, lowering blood calcium levels.

  • Role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone remodeling

    Stimulates osteoclasts to increase blood calcium levels.

  • Role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis

    Enhances calcium absorption in the intestines to support bone mineralization.

  • General process of bone repair

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, and bone remodeling.