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Anatomy & Physiology: Bone Tissue, Skeletal System, and Joints Review

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What are the five main functions of bones?

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis (blood cell formation).

  • How are bones classified?

    Bones are classified by shape into long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

  • Why are bones considered organs?

    Because they contain multiple tissue types including bone tissue, , , , and .

  • What are bone markings?

    Surface features on bones such as projections, , and that serve as attachment points or passageways for nerves and vessels.

  • What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?

    Compact bone is dense and provides strength; spongy bone is porous and houses bone marrow for hematopoiesis.

  • What is the structure of a typical long bone?

    Consists of a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), , and (growth plate).

  • Where is hematopoietic tissue located?

    In the red bone marrow found mainly in the spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of long bones.

  • What is hematopoiesis?

    The process of blood cell formation occurring in red bone marrow.

  • What processes are involved in bone remodeling?

    Bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts.

  • How does the hormonal mechanism regulate calcium levels?

    Hormones adjust bone remodeling to maintain blood calcium homeostasis by stimulating osteoclasts or osteoblasts.

  • Which hormones are involved in calcium regulation?

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the chief hormone; calcitonin also plays a role.

  • What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation?

    PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone and releasing calcium into the blood.

  • What is the role of calcitonin in calcium regulation?

    Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium deposition in bone.

  • What are the major steps in bone repair?

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?

    It is the site of longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents.

  • What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

    Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from mesenchyme; endochondral ossification forms most bones from cartilage models.

  • What is the role of osteoblasts?

    Osteoblasts are cells that build new bone by secreting osteoid.

  • What is the role of osteoclasts?

    Osteoclasts are cells that by resorbing mineralized matrix.

  • What is the periosteum?

    A dense connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of bones, containing osteoblasts and blood vessels.

  • What is the endosteum?

    A thin membrane lining the medullary cavity and trabeculae of spongy bone, containing osteogenic cells.