BackAnatomy & Physiology: Bones and Bone Structure
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Terms in this set (29)
Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, and leverage.
Sutural, irregular, short, flat, long, and sesamoid bones.
Small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between flat bones of the skull; number varies among individuals.
Bones with complex shapes, such as spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones.
Boxy bones like carpals and tarsals.
Thin bones with parallel surfaces, e.g., skull roof bones, sternum, ribs, and scapulae.
Long and slender bones found in arms, legs, palms, soles, fingers, and toes.
Small, round, flat bones developing within tendons near joints, e.g., patellae.
Projections are attachment sites for muscles, tendons, and ligaments; openings and depressions allow passage of blood vessels and nerves.
Diaphysis (compact bone shaft with medullary cavity), epiphysis (mostly spongy bone ends), and metaphysis (junction between diaphysis and epiphysis).
Spongy bone (diploë) sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.
About two-thirds calcium phosphate forming hydroxyapatite crystals and one-third collagen fibers.
Mesenchymal stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that divide to produce osteoblasts and assist in fracture repair.
Immature bone cells that produce new bone matrix (osteoid) during ossification; become osteocytes when surrounded by matrix.
Mature bone cells in lacunae that maintain matrix and help repair damaged bone; connected by canaliculi.
Large multinucleate cells that absorb and remove bone matrix by secreting acids and enzymes; important for bone homeostasis.
Functional unit with central canal containing blood vessels, surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone matrix.
Lacks osteons; consists of trabeculae with red bone marrow in spaces; nutrients reach osteocytes by diffusion.
Covers bone surface except joints; isolates bone, provides blood vessels and nerves, and participates in growth and repair.
Incomplete cellular layer lining medullary cavity and central canals; active in bone growth, repair, and remodeling.
Bone formation replacing hyaline cartilage; primary ossification center forms inside cartilage; most bones develop this way.
Bone formation within dermis producing dermal bones like mandible and clavicles; involves direct ossification of mesenchymal tissue.
Continuous process involving osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts to recycle and renew bone matrix, maintaining bone strength and calcium balance.
Weight-bearing exercise stimulates osteoblasts, increasing bone thickness and strength; inactivity leads to rapid bone mass loss.
Bones store 99% of body calcium; calcium ions are vital for physiological processes and must be tightly regulated.
Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, enhancing intestinal absorption via calcitriol, and reducing kidney excretion.
Decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts, increasing calcium excretion, reducing calcitriol secretion, and lowering intestinal absorption.
Fracture hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation.
Bones become thinner and weaker due to osteopenia; osteoporosis is severe bone loss, especially in women after menopause.