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Anatomy & Physiology: Bones and Bone Structures

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What is the primary function of bones in the human body?

    Bones provide structural support, protect organs, enable movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.

  • Name the two main types of bone tissue.

    Compact bone (dense and strong) and spongy bone (light and porous).

  • What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

    The shaft or central part of a long bone, composed mainly of compact bone.

  • Define the epiphysis of a long bone.

    The end part of a long bone, usually wider than the diaphysis and composed mostly of spongy bone.

  • What is the metaphysis in a long bone?

    The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis where growth occurs in children.

  • What is the periosteum?

    A dense layer of vascular connective tissue covering the outer surface of bones except at joints.

  • What is the medullary cavity?

    The central cavity within the diaphysis that contains bone marrow.

  • What types of bone marrow exist and their functions?

    Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow stores fat.

  • What is an osteon?

    The basic structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal.

  • What are the main components of the axial skeleton?

    The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

  • What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

    The limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic girdles).

  • Name the bones of the human skull.

    Includes the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

  • What is the function of the vertebral column?

    Supports the body, protects the spinal cord, and provides attachment points for ribs and muscles.

  • How many vertebrae are in the adult vertebral column?

    33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), and 4 coccygeal (fused).

  • What is the difference between true ribs and false ribs?

    True ribs attach directly to the sternum; false ribs attach indirectly or not at all.

  • Name the bones of the upper limb.

    Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

  • Name the bones of the lower limb.

    Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

  • What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

    Supports the weight of the upper body and protects pelvic organs.

  • What is the difference between compact and spongy bone in terms of structure?

    Compact bone is dense with osteons; spongy bone has a porous, trabecular network.

  • What is the role of osteocytes?

    Osteocytes maintain bone tissue and communicate with other bone cells.