Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology: Bones and Skeletal Tissue

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/28

Terms in this set (28)

  • Functions of bones

    Support the body, facilitate movement, protect internal organs, produce blood cells, and store minerals and fat.

  • Classification of bones by shape

    Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones, each with distinct features and functions.

  • Long bone features

    Cylindrical shape with a shaft (diaphysis), two ends (epiphyses), and a periosteum membrane.

  • Diaphysis structure

    Tubular shaft of a long bone with a medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow and walls of compact bone.

  • Epiphysis structure

    Wider ends of long bones filled with spongy bone and red marrow, covered by articular (hyaline) cartilage.

  • Metaphysis and epiphyseal plate

    Narrow region between diaphysis and epiphysis containing the growth plate made of hyaline cartilage.

  • Periosteum

    Fibrous membrane covering the outer bone surface, containing blood vessels, nerves, and attachment points for tendons and ligaments.

  • Endosteum

    Delicate membrane lining the medullary cavity where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.

  • Bone markings categories

    Articulations (joints), projections (attachment points), and holes (openings for vessels and nerves).

  • Organic components of bone

    Collagen fibers and cells that provide tensile strength and a surface for mineral deposition.

  • Inorganic components of bone

    Hydroxyapatites formed from calcium phosphate and carbonate, giving bone hardness and strength.

  • Osteogenic cells

    Stem cells in bone that divide and differentiate into osteoblasts.

  • Osteoblasts

    Bone-forming cells that synthesize and secrete collagen matrix and calcium salts but do not divide.

  • Osteocytes

    Mature bone cells located in lacunae that maintain bone matrix and communicate via canaliculi.

  • Osteoclasts

    Cells responsible for bone resorption, breaking down old bone to balance formation by osteoblasts.

  • Osteon (Haversian system)

    Microscopic structural unit of compact bone composed of concentric lamellae around a central canal.

  • Central canal and Volkmann's canals

    Central canal contains blood vessels and nerves; Volkmann's canals connect central canals to periosteum and endosteum.

  • Spongy bone structure

    Contains osteocytes in lacunae arranged in trabeculae, a lattice-like network providing strength along stress lines.

  • Intramembranous ossification

    Bone develops directly from mesenchymal connective tissue; forms flat bones like skull and clavicles.

  • Endochondral ossification

    Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage; forms most bones except skull and clavicles.

  • Bone growth in length

    Occurs at the epiphyseal plate where cartilage forms on the epiphyseal side and ossifies on the diaphyseal side.

  • Bone growth in width

    Osteoblasts add bone on the outer surface while osteoclasts resorb bone on the inner surface of the medullary cavity.

  • Bone remodeling

    Continuous process of resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts to maintain bone strength and repair damage.

  • Role of vitamin D in bone health

    Enhances calcium absorption in the intestine and supports bone remodeling.

  • Hormones affecting bone growth

    Growth hormone, thyroxine, and sex hormones promote osteoblastic activity and bone matrix synthesis.

  • Hormones regulating osteoclasts

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases osteoclast activity; calcitonin decreases it to regulate calcium levels.

  • Osteoporosis

    Disease with decreased bone mass due to higher resorption than formation, common in aging and postmenopausal women.

  • Hypocalcemia

    Condition of low blood calcium levels causing brittle bones, often due to hormonal imbalance or poor diet.