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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Biology, Tissues, and Integumentary System

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Terms in this set (30)

  • Resting membrane potential

    The electrical difference between the inside and outside of a cell when it is at rest.

  • Charge inside a resting cell

    Negative.

  • Charge outside a resting cell

    Positive.

  • Main ions involved in resting membrane potential

    Sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), and negatively charged proteins.

  • Function of the sodium-potassium pump

    Moves 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ into the cell using ATP for energy.

  • Role of the nucleus

    Stores DNA and controls cell activities.

  • Function of ribosomes

    Make proteins.

  • Difference between rough and smooth ER

    Rough ER makes and processes proteins; smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies the cell.

  • Function of mitochondria

    Produce ATP/energy.

  • Stages of interphase

    G₁ (cell growth), S (DNA replication), and G₂ (preparation for division).

  • What is mitosis?

    Division of the nucleus.

  • What is cytokinesis?

    Division of the cytoplasm.

  • Stages of mitosis

    Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

  • Basic pathway of protein synthesis

    DNA → mRNA → Protein.

  • Where does transcription occur?

    In the nucleus; it copies DNA into mRNA.

  • Where does translation occur?

    At the ribosome; it uses mRNA to make protein.

  • Four primary tissue types

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

  • Main functions of epithelial tissue

    Protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, and excretion.

  • Difference between simple and stratified epithelium

    Simple = one cell layer; stratified = multiple layers.

  • Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

    Alveoli and blood vessels; used for diffusion and filtration.

  • Main functions of connective tissue

    Support, protection, connection, storage, transportation, and defense.

  • Types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • Main function of nervous tissue

    Communication and control via neurons and neuroglia.

  • Three types of body membranes

    Cutaneous (skin), mucous (lines cavities open to outside), and serous (lines closed cavities).

  • Two ways tissue repairs itself

    Regeneration (same cell type replaces damaged cells) and fibrosis (scar tissue formation).

  • Layers of the epidermis (deep to superficial)

    Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum.

  • Function of melanocytes

    Produce melanin, which provides skin color and UV protection.

  • Functions of sebaceous glands

    Produce sebum to lubricate and protect skin and hair.

  • Characteristics of 1st-degree burn

    Affects epidermis only; red and painful skin.

  • Characteristics of 3rd-degree burn

    Affects full thickness of skin; may appear white, brown, black, or leathery; nerves may be destroyed.