BackAnatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure and Transport
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Terms in this set (21)
Anatomy is the study of the structure or physical form of the body, including what they are made of and where they are located.
Physiology is the study of the functions of anatomical structures, both individual and cooperative functions.
They are inseparable; structure determines function. For example, lungs have thin air sacs for gas exchange, and the heart has muscular chambers to pump blood.
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism levels.
The cell membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier, maintaining differences between intracellular and extracellular fluids, protecting the cell, and facilitating transport and communication.
It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, cholesterol for stability, and proteins for transport and signaling.
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
It regulates ion balance, maintains fluid balance via osmosis, and manages nutrient intake and waste removal.
Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (solute pumping, vesicular transport).
Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without energy use.
Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
Passive movement of molecules across membranes via specific carrier or channel proteins, down their concentration gradient.
Transport mechanisms that require ATP to move substances against their concentration gradients using membrane pumps.
It moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell against their gradients using ATP, essential for nerve and muscle function.
A process where cells engulf external substances by folding the membrane inward to form vesicles.
A type of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles like bacteria or debris.
Endocytosis where cells use receptors to selectively internalize specific molecules.
Cells expel large molecules or waste by merging vesicles with the cell membrane, releasing contents outside.
A passive process where hydrostatic pressure forces water and solutes through a membrane from high to low pressure.
It collects excess interstitial fluid not returned to capillaries and returns it to blood circulation.
Electrolyte imbalances, dehydration or edema, and diseases like cystic fibrosis caused by dysfunctional transport proteins.