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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure, Transport, and Genetics

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  • Ion channels are examples of which type of membrane protein?
    Ion channels are examples of integral proteins because they are embedded within the membrane.
  • In which direction do substances diffuse relative to their concentration gradient?
    Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient, moving from higher to lower concentration.
  • Ion pumps and phagocytosis are examples of what type of transport?
    They are examples of active transport, requiring energy to move substances against gradients or engulf particles.
  • Complete the analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________.
    Diffusion is to gradient as endocytosis is to chemical energy.
  • Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool with chlorine and toys is to what?
    Cytoplasm is to cytosol as the pool water containing chlorine is to the cytosol, the fluid portion inside the cell.
  • Why is the rough ER called 'rough'?
    Because it has ribosomes attached to its surface.
  • What is a primary function of the rough ER?
    The rough ER is responsible for the production of proteins.
  • What common feature do all cytoskeleton components share?
    They are all polymers of protein subunits.
  • Which organelle produces large quantities of ATP when glucose and oxygen are available?
    The mitochondria produce large amounts of ATP under these conditions.
  • What feature do the nucleus and mitochondria share?
    Both have a double membrane.
  • Which structure is found within the nucleolus?
    The nucleolus contains ribosomes.
  • What is the complementary DNA sequence to GCTTATAT?
    The complementary sequence is CGAATATA.
  • Order these from least to most complex: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome.
    The correct order is DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome.
  • What happens during the elongation step of DNA synthesis?
    Complementary nucleotides are attached to the template strand.
  • Which is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?
    DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars is not true; both have sugar-phosphate backbones.
  • Where do transcription and translation occur in the cell?
    Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
  • How many RNA nucleotides code for one amino acid?
    Three RNA nucleotides (a codon) code for one amino acid.
  • Which is not mostly made of RNA?
    The messenger RNA (mRNA) provides the code for protein synthesis but is not mostly RNA in structure like ribosomes or tRNA.
  • Which cell cycle phase is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis?
    The G1 phase prepares the cell for DNA synthesis.
  • What might a mutation in a cyclin gene cause?
    It might cause cancer or abnormal amounts of genetic material in cells.
  • What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?
    They stop certain cells from dividing to prevent uncontrolled growth.
  • Order these stem cell potencies from least to most specialized: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency.
    The order is pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency.
  • Which stem cell type gives rise to red and white blood cells?
    The hematopoietic stem cells produce red and white blood cells.
  • What multipotent stem cells from children are sometimes banked by parents?
    Cells from the umbilical cord and baby teeth are often banked.