Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/30

Terms in this set (30)

  • Function of nucleoli

    Nucleoli are responsible for ribosome production.

  • Role of nuclei in the cell

    Nuclei store DNA (organized as chromosomes and genes) and are the site of RNA transcription.

  • Purpose of nuclear membrane and pores

    The nuclear membrane and pores provide protection and allow communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

  • Primary function of ribosomes

    Ribosomes perform RNA translation to synthesize proteins.

  • Base pairing in RNA

    RNA bases pair as Adenine with Uracil (A+U) and Guanine with Cytosine (G+C).

  • Structure of RNA compared to DNA

    RNA is a single strand copied in an antiparallel orientation to the original DNA strand.

  • Types of RNA and their functions

    mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA; tRNA carries amino acids for protein construction.

  • Stages of protein synthesis

    Transcription: DNA is converted to mRNA; Translation: mRNA is converted to protein by ribosomes and tRNA.

  • Definition of codon and anticodon

    A codon is a 3-nucleotide sequence on mRNA; an anticodon is the complementary 3-nucleotide sequence on tRNA representing specific amino acids.

  • Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

    The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of RNA translation and protein synthesis.

  • Role of Golgi apparatus

    The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles for transport.

  • Function of lysosomes

    Lysosomes are responsible for waste removal and cellular digestion.

  • Role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances.

  • Primary function of mitochondria

    Mitochondria produce energy through cellular respiration.

  • Equation representing cellular respiration

    ADP + P + energy <> ATP represents the reversible conversion of energy in cellular respiration.

  • Difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

    Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen outside mitochondria; aerobic respiration requires oxygen inside mitochondria.

  • Process of glycolysis

    Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of glucose during anaerobic respiration.

  • Role of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle

    The citric acid cycle is an anabolic reaction followed by catabolic reactions inside mitochondria during aerobic respiration.

  • Function of the electron transport chain

    The electron transport chain uses electron movement to drive the synthesis of most ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

  • Function of microvilli

    Microvilli increase surface area for absorption in cells.

  • Function of cilia and flagella

    Cilia and flagella enable movement of cells or substances across cell surfaces.

  • Structure and function of the cell membrane

    The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that provides selective permeability and protection.

  • Types of passive transport

    Diffusion (facilitated) moves solutes; osmosis moves water across membranes toward equilibrium.

  • Definition of osmosis tonicity types

    Hypertonic: cell loses water; hypotonic: cell gains water; isotonic: no net water movement.

  • Active transport characteristics

    Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy, often via ion pumps.

  • Processes of endocytosis and exocytosis

    Endocytosis packages substances into vesicles to enter the cell; exocytosis expels substances from the cell.

  • Phases of mitosis

    Mitosis phases: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

  • Purpose of mitosis

    Mitosis produces two cells with identical DNA from one original cell.

  • Structure of DNA

    DNA consists of two cross-linked strands in an antiparallel orientation with nucleotides A+T and G+C.

  • Meaning of semi-conservative replication

    Semi-conservative replication means one original DNA strand acts as a template for the new complementary strand.