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Anatomy & Physiology Chapters 6-8 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (27)

  • What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

    The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

  • Name the four main types of bone cells.

    Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells.

  • What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?

    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and found inside bones, containing red marrow.

  • Describe the process of endochondral ossification.

    It is the process where cartilage is replaced by bone during fetal development and growth of long bones.

  • What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

    Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, allowing for bone resorption and remodeling.

  • Define the axial skeleton.

    The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

  • What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

    The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).

  • What is the function of the periosteum?

    The periosteum is a membrane covering bone surfaces that contains nerves and blood vessels and aids in growth and repair.

  • Explain the role of calcium in bone physiology.

    Calcium is essential for bone strength and is regulated by hormones to maintain blood calcium levels.

  • What hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts?

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium by activating osteoclasts.

  • Name the three types of muscle tissue.

    Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

  • What is the basic functional unit of a skeletal muscle?

    The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle.

  • Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

    During contraction, actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

  • What ion triggers muscle contraction by binding to troponin?

    Calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to troponin, initiating contraction.

  • What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

    ATP provides energy for myosin head movement and detachment from actin.

  • Name the three layers of connective tissue in muscles.

    Epimysium surrounds the whole muscle, perimysium surrounds fascicles, and endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers.

  • What is the neuromuscular junction?

    The neuromuscular junction is the synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber.

  • Define isotonic and isometric muscle contractions.

    Isotonic contractions change muscle length; isometric contractions generate force without changing length.

  • What are the main functions of the integumentary system?

    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.

  • Name the three layers of the skin.

    Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).

  • What type of tissue primarily composes the epidermis?

    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

  • What pigment determines skin color?

    Melanin produced by melanocytes.

  • What is the function of sweat glands?

    They regulate body temperature through evaporative cooling and excrete waste.

  • Describe the role of hair in the integumentary system.

    Hair provides protection, sensory input, and helps regulate body temperature.

  • What is the primary function of the skeletal muscle?

    To produce voluntary movement by contracting and generating force.

  • How does the body regulate calcium homeostasis?

    Through the actions of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D.

  • What is the significance of the Haversian system in bone?

    The Haversian system organizes compact bone into concentric layers for strength and nutrient delivery.