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Anatomy & Physiology Comprehensive Final Exam Flashcards

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  • Anatomical position

    Body standing upright, palms forward, feet flat.

  • Directional terms

    Include superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, and superficial/deep.

  • Body planes

    Sagittal, midsagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse planes divide the body.

  • Homeostasis

    Maintenance of a stable internal environment through regulatory mechanisms.

  • Negative vs Positive feedback

    Negative feedback reverses change; positive feedback amplifies change.

  • Epithelial tissue characteristics

    Polarity, avascularity, regeneration, and cellularity.

  • Functions of epithelium

    Protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.

  • Types of tissue membranes

    Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.

  • Signs of inflammation

    Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

  • Muscle tissue types

    Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues.

  • Functions of skin

    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.

  • Epidermal layers

    Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.

  • Compact vs Spongy bone

    Compact bone is dense and organized into osteons; spongy bone contains trabeculae and marrow spaces.

  • Bone growth location

    Bone grows in length at the epiphyseal plates.

  • Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts

    Osteoblasts build bone; osteoclasts break down bone.

  • Synovial joint characteristics

    Have synovial fluid for lubrication and are diarthrotic (freely movable).

  • Types of joint movement

    Flexion decreases angle; extension increases angle; abduction moves away from midline; adduction moves toward midline.

  • Sliding filament theory

    Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments during muscle contraction.

  • Role of ATP in muscle contraction

    ATP provides energy for muscle contraction by enabling cross-bridge cycling.

  • Resting membrane potential

    Approximately -70 mV, maintained by the Na+/K+ pump moving 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.

  • Depolarization and repolarization

    Depolarization caused by Na+ influx; repolarization caused by K+ efflux.

  • Saltatory conduction

    Action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons, speeding conduction.

  • Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic nervous system

    Parasympathetic = rest and digest (craniosacral outflow); Sympathetic = fight or flight (thoracolumbar outflow).

  • Preganglionic neurotransmitter

    Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

  • Special senses using chemoreceptors

    Taste and smell use chemoreceptors to detect chemical stimuli.

  • Five basic tastes

    Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.

  • Hormone types and receptors

    Steroid hormones bind intracellular receptors; peptide hormones use membrane receptors and second messengers.

  • Anterior pituitary hormones

    GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and PRL.

  • RAAS pathway

    Low BP → renin → angiotensin I → ACE → angiotensin II → aldosterone → water retention to increase BP.