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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review

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Terms in this set (32)

  • What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
    Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships, while physiology studies the function of body parts and how they work together.
  • What is the microscopic study of tissues called?
    Histology is the microscopic study of tissues.
  • What are the two general categories of anatomy?
    Gross (macroscopic) anatomy studies large body structures visible to the naked eye, and microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen without a microscope.
  • In the structural hierarchy of life, what level does a blood vessel correspond to?
    A blood vessel corresponds to the organ level.
  • What organ system houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands?
    The integumentary system houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands.
  • Which organ system responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands?
    The nervous system responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
  • What is homeostasis?
    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite changing external stimuli.
  • Which organ systems primarily control homeostatic mechanisms?
    The endocrine and nervous systems primarily control homeostatic mechanisms.
  • What is a positive feedback loop?
    A positive feedback loop enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, moving the body further from homeostasis, e.g., labor contractions.
  • What is matter?
    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
  • What are the three states of matter relevant to the human body?
    Solid (definitive shape and volume), liquid (definitive volume, variable shape), and gas (variable shape and volume).
  • What subatomic particles make up an atom?
    Atoms are composed of protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative charge).
  • What does the atomic number of an element represent?
    The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
  • What is the octet rule in chemical bonding?
    Atoms interact to have eight electrons in their valence shell (except the first shell which is full with two electrons).
  • What type of chemical bond is formed by the transfer of electrons?
    An ionic bond is formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
  • What is a dipole molecule?
    A dipole is a polar molecule with two poles of charge, such as water.
  • What factors increase the rate of chemical reactions?
    Increased temperature, increased concentration, decreased particle size, and presence of a catalyst increase reaction rates.
  • What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
    Exergonic reactions release energy (catabolic), while endergonic reactions absorb energy (anabolic).
  • What are monosaccharides?
    Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates, e.g., glucose and fructose.
  • What type of molecule are steroids?
    Steroids are fat-soluble molecules composed of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings.
  • What bonds link amino acids to form proteins?
    Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form proteins.
  • How do enzymes function?
    Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy and increase the speed of biochemical reactions.
  • Which nucleotide is complementary to adenine in RNA?
    In RNA, uracil is complementary to adenine.
  • How do unsaturated fatty acids affect membrane fluidity?
    More unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity by creating kinks that prevent tight packing.
  • What are tight junctions?
    Tight junctions are cell junctions that prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space.
  • What is passive transport?
    Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradient without using cellular energy.
  • What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
    Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink due to osmosis.
  • What is pinocytosis?
    Pinocytosis is fluid-phase endocytosis where the cell samples extracellular fluid by engulfing it.
  • Where does protein translation occur in the cell?
    Protein translation occurs at the ribosomes.
  • What is the function of peroxisomes?
    Peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances and neutralize free radicals.
  • What organelle organizes microtubules during mitosis?
    The centrosome organizes microtubules and contains centrioles that form cilia and flagella.
  • When does cytokinesis begin during cell division?
    Cytokinesis begins during late anaphase and completes after mitosis ends.