Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/30

Terms in this set (30)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body parts and how they work.

  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

    The principle states that structure determines function. For example, the shape of red blood cells allows them to carry oxygen efficiently.

  • Name the 11 organ systems and their basic functions.

    Integumentary (protection), Skeletal (support), Muscular (movement), Nervous (control), Endocrine (hormones), Cardiovascular (transport), Lymphatic (immunity), Respiratory (gas exchange), Digestive (nutrient breakdown), Urinary (waste removal), Reproductive (offspring production).

  • What are the necessary functions of human life?

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • What are the components of a homeostatic feedback loop?

    Receptor (detects change), Control center (processes info), Effector (responds to restore balance).

  • How do positive and negative feedback differ? Give examples.

    Negative feedback reverses a change (e.g., body temperature regulation). Positive feedback amplifies a change (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth contractions).

  • What are the levels of biological organization? Give an example of each.

    Chemical (atoms), Cellular (muscle cell), Tissue (muscle tissue), Organ (heart), Organ system (cardiovascular), Organism (human).

  • Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.

    The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

  • What are the characteristics of phospholipids in the membrane?

    Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails, forming a bilayer that creates a selective barrier.

  • What is the fluid mosaic model?

    The model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid, dynamic structure with proteins floating in or on the phospholipid bilayer.

  • What does pH measure?

    pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, indicating acidity or alkalinity.

  • Differentiate between an acid and a base.

    Acids release H+ ions; Bases accept H+ ions or release OH- ions.

  • Name the three types of cell junctions and their functions.

    Tight junctions (seal cells), Desmosomes (anchor cells), Gap junctions (allow communication).

  • Give an example location for each cell junction type.

    Tight junctions: intestinal lining; Desmosomes: skin; Gap junctions: cardiac muscle.

  • Describe passive transport across the cell membrane.

    Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without energy, e.g., diffusion and osmosis.

  • What is active transport?

    Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP), often via transport proteins.

  • Differentiate primary and secondary active transport.

    Primary uses ATP directly; secondary uses energy from an ion gradient created by primary transport.

  • What is vesicular transport?

    Transport of large particles or fluids via vesicles, including endocytosis (into cell) and exocytosis (out of cell).

  • Describe the skin as an organ and part of the integumentary system.

    The skin is the body's largest organ, providing protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and vitamin D synthesis.

  • What are the layers of the epidermis?

    From deep to superficial: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.

  • What tissue type composes the epidermis?

    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

  • What are the main cell types in the epidermis?

    Keratincytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.

  • Describe the dermis and its layers.

    The dermis is connective tissue with two layers: papillary (loose connective) and reticular (dense irregular connective).

  • What is keratinization?

    Process where keratinocytes produce keratin, die, and form a tough, protective outer layer.

  • Describe sudoriferous glands.

    Sweat glands that secrete sweat; types include eccrine (temperature regulation) and apocrine (body odor areas).

  • Describe sebaceous glands.

    Oil glands that secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair, usually associated with hair follicles.

  • What is the basic structure and function of hair?

    Hair consists of keratinized cells; it protects, insulates, and aids sensation.

  • List the different skin pigments.

    Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

  • Differentiate types of skin cancer.

    Basal cell carcinoma (most common, least severe), squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma (most dangerous).