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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review

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Terms in this set (31)

  • Define anatomy and its subdivisions

    Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships. Subdivisions include gross anatomy (visible structures), microscopic anatomy (cytology and histology), and developmental anatomy (structural changes from conception to adulthood).

  • Define physiology and its subdivisions

    Physiology studies how body parts function and work together. Subdivisions include neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, renal physiology, respiratory physiology, and cellular physiology.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body

    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels, each building on the previous to form the whole body.

  • Name the 11 organ systems and their main functions

    Integumentary (protection), Skeletal (support), Muscular (movement), Nervous (control), Endocrine (regulation), Cardiovascular (transport), Lymphatic/Immune (defense), Respiratory (gas exchange), Digestive (nutrient absorption), Urinary (waste removal), Reproductive (reproduction).

  • List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • List the survival needs of the body

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Define homeostasis and its significance

    Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes, essential for normal body function and cell survival.

  • Explain negative and positive feedback in homeostasis

    Negative feedback reverses changes to maintain stability (e.g., temperature regulation). Positive feedback amplifies changes (e.g., labor contractions).

  • Define matter and energy

    Matter occupies space and has mass. Energy is the capacity to do work, existing as potential (stored) or kinetic (motion) energy.

  • Name the four elements that form most body matter

    Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N).

  • Describe the structure of an atom

    Atoms consist of protons (+1 charge, nucleus), neutrons (neutral, nucleus), and electrons (-1 charge, electron cloud).

  • Define atomic number, atomic mass, isotope, and radioisotope

    Atomic number = protons; atomic mass = protons + neutrons; isotope = same element, different neutrons; radioisotope = unstable isotope emitting radiation.

  • Differentiate molecule, compound, and mixture

    Molecule: atoms chemically bonded; compound: molecule with different elements; mixture: physical combination without bonding.

  • Compare ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

    Ionic: transfer electrons, strong; covalent: share electrons, strong; hydrogen: weak attraction between polar molecules.

  • Contrast polar and nonpolar compounds

    Polar: unequal electron sharing, hydrophilic (e.g., water). Nonpolar: equal sharing, hydrophobic (e.g., lipids).

  • Name the three major types of chemical reactions

    Synthesis (combine molecules), decomposition (break molecules), exchange (swap parts).

  • Explain the importance of water and salts in the body

    Water: solvent, transport, temperature regulation. Salts: dissociate into ions, maintain fluid balance, essential for nerve and muscle function.

  • Define acid, base, and pH scale

    Acid: releases H⁺, pH < 7; base: accepts H⁺ or releases OH⁻, pH > 7; pH scale ranges 0-14, 7 is neutral.

  • Describe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

    Dehydration synthesis builds molecules by removing water; hydrolysis breaks molecules by adding water.

  • List the building blocks and functions of proteins

    Monomers: amino acids; functions include structural support, enzymes, hormones, transport, muscle contraction, and immunity.

  • Describe the four levels of protein structure

    Primary: amino acid sequence; secondary: alpha helix or beta sheet; tertiary: 3D shape; quaternary: multiple polypeptides combined.

  • Explain enzyme action

    Enzymes lower activation energy, bind substrates at active sites, form enzyme-substrate complexes, release products unchanged.

  • Compare DNA and RNA

    DNA: double-stranded, deoxyribose, thymine, stores genetic info, nucleus only. RNA: single-stranded, ribose, uracil, helps make proteins, can leave nucleus.

  • Describe ATP's role in cell metabolism

    ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds and powers cellular processes by converting to ADP + Pi + energy.

  • List the three major regions of a generalized cell

    Plasma membrane (boundary and transport), cytoplasm (cellular activities), nucleus (control center).

  • Describe the plasma membrane composition and function

    Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates; controls entry/exit of substances.

  • Compare tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

    Tight junctions prevent leakage, desmosomes provide strong attachment, gap junctions allow cell communication.

  • Differentiate simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

    Simple diffusion: small nonpolar molecules, no protein, no ATP; facilitated diffusion: polar molecules via proteins, no ATP; osmosis: water movement toward higher solute concentration, no ATP.

  • Explain primary vs secondary active transport

    Primary uses ATP directly (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺ pump); secondary uses energy from ion gradients created by primary transport (e.g., glucose-Na⁺ cotransport).

  • Compare endocytosis and exocytosis

    Endocytosis brings materials into the cell via vesicles; exocytosis releases materials from the cell by vesicle fusion with membrane.

  • Define membrane potential and resting membrane potential

    Membrane potential is the electrical charge difference across the membrane; resting potential (~-70 mV) is maintained by ion distribution and Na⁺/K⁺ pump.