Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review Chapters 1-3

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/22
  • Anatomy vs Physiology

    Anatomy is the study of body structure; Physiology is the study of body function.

  • Relationship between structure and function

    Structure determines function; for example, the shape of a bone supports its role in movement and protection.

  • Levels of biological organization

    Cell < Tissue < Organ < Organ system < Organism.

  • Principal organ systems and their functions

    Examples: Circulatory (transports blood), Respiratory (gas exchange), Digestive (nutrient breakdown), Nervous (control and communication).

  • Directional terms in human anatomy

    Examples: Superior (above), Inferior (below), Anterior (front), Posterior (back), Medial (toward midline), Lateral (away from midline).

  • Major body cavities and their organs

    Ventral cavity: thoracic (heart, lungs), abdominal (digestive organs), pelvic (reproductive organs). Dorsal cavity: cranial (brain), spinal (spinal cord).

  • Anatomical position and planes

    Standard position: standing, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward. Planes: Sagittal (left/right), Coronal (front/back), Transverse (top/bottom).

  • Parietal vs Visceral membranes

    Parietal membranes line cavity walls; Visceral membranes cover organs.

  • Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms

    Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions. Negative feedback reverses a change; Positive feedback amplifies a change.

  • Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

    Ionic bonds transfer electrons; Covalent bonds share electrons; Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.

  • Acids, bases, and pH

    Acids release H+ ions; Bases release OH- ions. pH measures H+ concentration; low pH is acidic, high pH is basic.

  • Carbohydrates: structure and function

    General formula \((CH_2O)_n\). Functions: energy source and structural support.

  • Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

    Monosaccharides: single sugars (glucose). Disaccharides: two sugars (sucrose). Polysaccharides: many sugars (glycogen).

  • Lipids: types and functions

    Types: triglycerides (energy storage), phospholipids (membranes), cholesterol (steroid precursor). Functions: energy, membrane structure, signaling.

  • Amino acids and protein structure levels

    Amino acids link by peptide bonds. Protein structures: primary (sequence), secondary (alpha helix/beta sheet), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple subunits).

  • DNA vs RNA structure and function

    DNA: double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, stores genetic info. RNA: single-stranded, ribose sugar, involved in protein synthesis.

  • Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane

    Membrane is a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycolipids, and glycoproteins.

  • Passive vs active transport

    Passive transport moves substances down concentration gradients without energy. Active transport requires energy to move substances against gradients.

  • Osmosis and tonicity

    Osmosis is water diffusion across a membrane. Isotonic: equal solute concentration; Hypertonic: higher solute outside; Hypotonic: lower solute outside.

  • Phases of mitosis

    Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; result in two identical daughter cells.

  • DNA replication basics

    DNA unwinds; new strands form by complementary base pairing; replication is semi-conservative.

  • Protein synthesis overview

    Transcription: DNA to mRNA in nucleus. Translation: mRNA to protein at ribosome with tRNA.