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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Flashcards

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Terms in this set (28)

  • Anatomy

    Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.

  • Physiology

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body and how its parts work together.

  • Principle of complementarity of structure and function

    States that the function of a body part depends on its specific structure.

  • Levels of structural organization in the body

    Includes chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.

  • Homeostasis

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Components of a homeostatic control mechanism

    Includes receptor, control center, and effector working together to maintain balance.

  • Negative feedback mechanism

    A process that reverses a change in a controlled condition to maintain homeostasis.

  • Anatomical position

    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

  • Prone vs. Supine position

    Prone: lying face down; Supine: lying face up.

  • Body planes

    Include sagittal (divides left/right), frontal (divides front/back), and transverse (divides top/bottom) planes.

  • Major elements in the human body

    Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus are the main elements.

  • Ionic bond

    Bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating charged ions.

  • Covalent bond

    Bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms; can be single, double, or triple bonds.

  • Hydrogen bond

    Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, important in water and protein structure.

  • Organic compounds in the body

    Include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP.

  • Fluid mosaic model

    Describes the cell membrane as a flexible layer made of lipids and proteins that controls permeability.

  • Passive transport mechanisms

    Include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration; do not require energy.

  • Active transport

    Movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

  • Four basic tissue types

    Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.

  • Epithelial tissue characteristics

    Cells closely packed, avascular, with a basement membrane; functions include protection, absorption, and secretion.

  • Connective tissue matrix

    Extracellular material that can be solid, liquid, or gel-like, containing fibers that provide support.

  • Muscle tissue special properties

    Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity enable movement and force generation.

  • Nervous tissue function

    Conducts electrical impulses to coordinate body functions.

  • Integumentary system major organs

    Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

  • Layers of the epidermis

    From deep to superficial: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.

  • Function of melanocytes

    Produce melanin pigment to protect skin from UV radiation.

  • Types of sudoriferous glands

    Eccrine glands produce sweat for thermoregulation; apocrine glands produce scent-related sweat in specific areas.

  • Burn classification by depth

    First-degree: epidermis only; second-degree: epidermis and dermis; third-degree: full thickness including hypodermis.