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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (30)

  • Relationship between anatomy and physiology

    Anatomy studies body structure, while physiology studies function. They are studied together because structure and function are closely related.

  • Levels of structural organization

    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism levels in order from simplest to most complex.

  • Functions necessary for life

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.

  • Needs for survival

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Components of homeostasis

    Receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), effector (responds to restore balance).

  • Afferent vs efferent pathways in negative feedback

    Afferent pathway carries signals to control center; efferent pathway carries signals from control center to effector.

  • Positive vs negative feedback

    Negative feedback reverses a change and is more common; positive feedback amplifies a change.

  • Homeostatic imbalance

    Disruption of homeostasis causing disease or disorder; the term for affected state is illness.

  • Anatomical position

    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

  • Major body cavities

    Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral) and ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic).

  • Serosa and its types

    Serosa is a double-layered membrane; visceral serosa covers organs, parietal serosa lines cavity walls.

  • Types of energy

    Chemical energy in food; cells use chemical energy converted to ATP.

  • Four most common elements in the human body

    Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen.

  • Solutions vs colloids vs suspensions

    Solutions are homogeneous mixtures; colloids have larger particles that scatter light; suspensions have large particles that settle out.

  • Ionic vs covalent bonds

    Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons.

  • Oxidation-reduction reactions

    Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain of electrons; they occur together.

  • Properties of water

    High heat capacity, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning, and lubrication.

  • pH scale and buffers

    pH measures acidity; buffers maintain stable pH; example: bicarbonate buffer in blood.

  • Protein structure levels

    Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helix/beta sheet), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).

  • Enzyme activity steps

    Substrate binding, enzyme-substrate complex formation, product release; energy used during substrate binding and product formation.

  • DNA nucleotides and types

    Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine in DNA; uracil replaces thymine in RNA; purines: A, G; pyrimidines: T, C, U.

  • ATP structure and function

    ATP has adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; it stores and transfers energy for cellular processes.

  • Cell theory components

    All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells arise from pre-existing cells; cells maintain homeostasis.

  • Plasma membrane structure

    Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads outward and hydrophobic tails inward, embedded with proteins.

  • Functions of plasma membrane proteins

    Transport, receptors, enzymes, cell recognition, anchoring, and joining cells.

  • Types of cell junctions

    Tight junctions (seal cells), desmosomes (anchor cells), gap junctions (allow communication).

  • Osmosis effects on cells

    Hypertonic solution causes cell shrinkage; hypotonic solution causes cell swelling or lysis.

  • Sodium-potassium pump function

    Active transport moving 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell using ATP to maintain membrane potential.

  • Stages of mitosis

    Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; each stage involves specific chromosome and cell changes.

  • Gene expression process

    DNA is transcribed to mRNA, which is translated into a protein sequence at the ribosome.