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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Key Concepts

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  • Layers of the cutaneous membrane

    The cutaneous membrane has two main layers: the epidermis (outer protective layer) and the dermis (inner supportive layer with blood vessels and nerves).

  • Functions of accessory structures of the integument

    Accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands; they protect, regulate temperature, and provide sensory input.

  • Signs and symptoms of infectious skin diseases

    Common signs include redness, swelling, pain, and pus; symptoms vary by disease but often include itching and rash.

  • Rule of nines in burn classification

    The body is divided into sections representing 9% (or multiples) of total body surface area to estimate burn extent and severity.

  • Differences between burn degrees

    1st degree: epidermis only; 2nd degree: epidermis and part of dermis; 3rd degree: full thickness including nerve damage; critical burns depend on size and depth.

  • Three common types of skin cancer

    Basal cell carcinoma (epidermis, slow growth), squamous cell carcinoma (epidermis, can metastasize), melanoma (melanocytes, highly aggressive).

  • ABCDE rule for skin cancer diagnosis

    Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size or shape.

  • Two main types of bone tissue

    Compact bone: dense outer layer; spongy bone: porous inner layer with trabeculae.

  • Main functions of bones

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

  • Four main classifications of bones

    Long, short, flat, and irregular bones, classified by shape and function.

  • Gross anatomy parts of a long bone

    Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth zone), medullary cavity, periosteum, and articular cartilage.

  • Microscopic anatomy of compact bone

    Osteons (Haversian systems) with central canals, lamellae, lacunae with osteocytes, and canaliculi.

  • Two main subdivisions of the skeletal system

    Axial skeleton: skull, vertebrae, ribs; appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles.

  • Paranasal sinuses

    Air-filled cavities in frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones that lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance.

  • Vertebrae regions and unique features

    Cervical (small, transverse foramina), thoracic (articulate ribs), lumbar (large, weight-bearing).

  • True, false, and floating ribs

    True ribs attach directly to sternum; false ribs attach indirectly; floating ribs have no anterior attachment.

  • Bones of the appendicular skeleton

    Includes upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle; know carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

  • Three main parts of the os coxa

    Ilium, ischium, and pubis form the hip bone.

  • Differences between male and female pelvis

    Female pelvis is wider, shallower, and has a larger pelvic inlet for childbirth; male pelvis is narrower and taller.

  • Functional and structural classifications of joints

    Functional: synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable). Structural: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.