Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Review: Bone Tissue, Skeletal System, and Joints

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/33

Terms in this set (33)

  • Functions of bones

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation are the five main functions of bones.

  • Classification of bones

    Bones are classified by shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.

  • Why are bones considered organs?

    Bones are organs because they contain multiple tissue types including bone tissue, cartilage, blood vessels, and nerves.

  • Bone markings

    Bone markings are surface features like projections, depressions, and openings that serve as attachment points or passageways for vessels and nerves.

  • Difference between compact and spongy bone

    Compact bone is dense and provides strength; spongy bone is porous and houses marrow for blood cell production.

  • Structure of a typical long bone

    Includes diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, and endosteum.

  • Types of cells in osseous tissue

    Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, osteoclasts resorb bone, and osteogenic cells are stem cells.

  • Location of hematopoietic tissue

    Found in red bone marrow within spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of long bones.

  • What is hematopoiesis?

    Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation occurring in red bone marrow.

  • Microscopic structures of compact bone

    Includes osteons (Haversian systems), Haversian canals, lacunae, canaliculi, and lamellae.

  • Chemical composition of bone

    Bone matrix is made of organic components (collagen) and inorganic minerals (hydroxyapatite).

  • Intramembranous ossification

    Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue, forming flat bones like the skull.

  • Endochondral ossification

    Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage, typical for long bones with primary and secondary ossification centers.

  • Bone growth types

    Interstitial growth increases length; appositional growth increases thickness.

  • Bone remodeling

    Continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone deposition by osteoblasts to maintain strength and calcium balance.

  • Hormones involved in calcium regulation

    Parathyroid hormone (chief), calcitonin, and calcitriol regulate blood calcium levels.

  • Process of bone repair

    Includes hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • Major types of bone fractures

    Include simple, compound, comminuted, greenstick, spiral, and impacted fractures.

  • Axial skeleton bones

    Includes skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

  • Functions of cranial and facial bones

    Protect the brain, form facial structure, and provide attachment for muscles.

  • Sinus cavities bones

    Formed by frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.

  • Function of the lacrimal bone

    Contains the lacrimal sac for tear drainage.

  • Special feature of the hyoid bone

    It does not articulate with any other bone and supports the tongue.

  • Regions of the vertebral column

    Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

  • Intervertebral disc composition

    Consists of a nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosus.

  • What is a herniated disc?

    When the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus, compressing nerves.

  • Bones forming the thoracic cage

    Includes thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

  • Pectoral girdle bones

    Consists of the clavicle and scapula.

  • Function of the pectoral girdle

    Supports upper limbs and allows a wide range of motion.

  • Types of synovial joints

    Six types: plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.

  • Movements allowed by joints

    Include gliding, angular, rotation, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, inversion, eversion, and opposition.

  • What is a bursa?

    A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues near joints.

  • Common joint disorders

    Include sprains, dislocations, and arthritis.