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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (29)

  • What is a cutaneous membrane?
    A cutaneous membrane is the skin, consisting of an outer epidermis and inner dermis, serving as a protective barrier.
  • What is a synovial membrane?
    A synovial membrane lines joint cavities and produces synovial fluid for lubrication.
  • What is a mucous membrane?
    A mucous membrane lines body cavities open to the exterior and secretes mucus for protection and lubrication.
  • What part of the hair is visible?
    The hair shaft is the visible part of the hair above the skin surface.
  • What is the hair matrix?
    The hair matrix is the growth zone at the base of the hair follicle where cells divide to form hair.
  • What are the layers of the epidermis?
    The epidermis has five layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.
  • What gives skin its pigment color?
    Skin color is mainly due to melanin, produced by melanocytes, with contributions from carotene and blood flow.
  • What determines hair color?
    Hair color depends on the type and amount of melanin in the hair cortex.
  • What is an exocrine gland?
    An exocrine gland secretes substances through ducts to an epithelial surface.
  • What is an endocrine gland?
    An endocrine gland releases hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  • What are the types of burns and tissue involved?
    First-degree burns affect the epidermis; second-degree burns affect epidermis and part of dermis; third-degree burns destroy epidermis, dermis, and possibly deeper tissues.
  • What are the parts of the fingernail?
    Fingernails include the nail plate, nail bed, lunula, and cuticle.
  • What are the types of skin cancer?
    Common types are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma, originating from different skin layers.
  • What are the ABCDE rules for melanoma?
    Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving shape or size.
  • What are the functions of the integumentary system?
    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion.
  • What proteins are found in the skin?
    Keratin is the main structural protein; collagen provides strength in the dermis.
  • What makes up the dermis and hypodermis?
    The dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and glands; the hypodermis is mainly adipose tissue for insulation and cushioning.
  • What are the characteristics of sebum?
    Sebum is an oily secretion from sebaceous glands that lubricates and waterproofs skin and hair.
  • What is the rule of 9’s?
    A method to estimate body surface area burned by dividing the body into sections of 9% or multiples thereof.
  • What causes graying of hair?
    Loss of melanin production in hair follicles causes hair to turn gray or white.
  • What is vitiligo?
    Vitiligo is a condition where melanocytes are destroyed, causing loss of skin pigment in patches.
  • What are the functions of the skeletal system?
    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and fat storage.
  • What are the different types of bones?
    Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.
  • What is canaliculi?
    Canaliculi are tiny channels connecting osteocytes in bone for nutrient and waste exchange.
  • What is ossification?
    Ossification is the process of bone formation.
  • What is hematopoiesis?
    Hematopoiesis is the production of blood cells, occurring in red bone marrow.
  • What do osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes do?
    Osteoblasts build bone, osteoclasts break down bone, and osteocytes maintain bone tissue.
  • What bones make up the axial skeleton?
    Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
  • What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
    Limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).