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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (24)

  • Functions of the skeletal system

    The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

  • Components of the skeletal system

    The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments.

  • Classification of bones by shape

    Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular.

  • Axial vs. appendicular skeleton

    The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; the appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.

  • Steps of endochondral ossification

    1. Cartilage model forms
    2. Cartilage calcifies
    3. Primary ossification center forms
    4. Secondary ossification centers form
    5. Bone replaces cartilage
    6. Epiphyseal plate ossifies

  • Factors affecting bone growth

    Examples include nutrition (e.g., calcium, vitamin D) and hormones (e.g., growth hormone, thyroid hormone).

  • Clinical conditions affecting the skeletal system

    Conditions include rickets (vitamin D deficiency), osteoporosis, and arthritis.

  • Steps of bone repair

    1. Hematoma formation
    2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
    3. Bony callus formation
    4. Bone remodeling

  • Effects of aging on the skeletal system

    Includes decreased bone density, joint stiffness, and reduced calcium absorption.

  • Joint classification by structure

    Includes fibrous (suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis), cartilaginous (symphysis, synchondrosis), and synovial joints.

  • Joint classification by function

    Includes synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and diarthrosis (freely movable) joints.

  • Types of synovial joint movements

    Movements include flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and rotation.

  • Examples of synovial joints

    Examples: ball & socket (shoulder, hip), hinge (knee, elbow, fingers).

  • Functions of skeletal muscle tissue

    Functions include movement, posture maintenance, heat production, and joint stabilization.

  • Organization of muscle tissue

    From smallest to largest: muscle fiber, endomysium, fascicle, perimysium, muscle, epimysium.

  • Structural components of a sarcomere

    Includes Z discs, actin (thin) filaments, myosin (thick) filaments, A band, and I band.

  • Components of the neuromuscular junction

    Includes axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and motor end plate.

  • Steps of muscle contraction

    1. Nerve impulse triggers acetylcholine release
    2. Action potential generated on muscle fiber
    3. Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
    4. Cross-bridge cycling occurs
    5. Muscle fiber contracts

  • Definitions: twitch, tetanus, wave summation

    Twitch: single muscle contraction
    Unfused tetanus: partial relaxation between stimuli
    Fused tetanus: no relaxation, sustained contraction
    Wave summation: increased tension from repeated stimuli

  • Muscle contraction types

    Isotonic: muscle changes length (concentric shortens, eccentric lengthens)
    Isometric: muscle length stays the same, tension changes

  • Muscle movement terms

    Agonist: prime mover
    Synergist: assists agonist
    Antagonist: opposes agonist
    Origin: fixed attachment
    Insertion: movable attachment

  • Sources of ATP for muscle contraction

    ATP is generated by creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic respiration.

  • Types of muscle fibers and endurance

    Fast fibers: quick, fatigue fast, white
    Slow fibers: slow, fatigue resistant, red
    Aerobic endurance: sustained by oxygen
    Anaerobic endurance: short bursts without oxygen

  • Differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated, multinucleated
    Cardiac: involuntary, striated, intercalated discs
    Smooth: involuntary, non-striated, spindle-shaped