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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Study Guide: Skeleton and Joints

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Terms in this set (29)

  • Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

    Axial skeleton has 80 bones forming the body's vertical axis (skull, vertebral column, sternum). Appendicular skeleton has 126 bones attached to axial (pectoral/pelvic girdles, limbs).

  • Functions of the Axial Skeleton

    Supports/protects organs in body cavities, contains special sense organs, provides muscle attachment for posture, moves thoracic cage during respiration, stabilizes appendicular skeleton.

  • Number and Types of Skull Bones

    22 total: 8 cranial bones (Occipital, Parietal, Frontal, Temporal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid) and 14 facial bones (Mandible, Maxillae, Nasal, Zygomatic, etc.).

  • Major Skull Sutures

    Coronal (frontal-parietal), Sagittal (between parietals), Lambdoid (parietal-occipital), Squamous (temporal-parietal).

  • Unique Features of the Hyoid Bone

    Only bone not articulating with another bone; anchors muscles of larynx and swallowing.

  • Vertebral Column Composition

    26 bones: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum (5 fused), 1 coccyx (3–5 fused).

  • Distinctive Features of Cervical Vertebrae

    7 total; small body, large vertebral foramen, transverse foramina, bifid spinous process; C1 (Atlas) has no body; C2 (Axis) has dens.

  • Thoracic Vertebrae Characteristics

    12 total; articulate with ribs via costal facets; heart-shaped body; long, downward spinous process.

  • Lumbar Vertebrae Characteristics

    5 total; largest vertebrae; large kidney-shaped body; small vertebral foramen; blunt, robust spinous process.

  • Types of Spinal Curves

    Primary (thoracic, sacral) develop before birth; Secondary (cervical, lumbar) develop after birth for upright posture.

  • Classification of Ribs

    12 pairs: True ribs (1–7) attach directly to sternum; False ribs (8–10) attach indirectly; Floating ribs (11–12) no sternal attachment.

  • Sternum Major Parts

    Manubrium, body, xiphoid process; landmarks include jugular notch, clavicular notches, sternal angle.

  • Pectoral Girdle Bones

    Clavicle (only direct axial connection) and scapula with landmarks like acromion, coracoid process, glenoid fossa.

  • Upper Limb Bone Groups

    Brachium = humerus; Antebrachium = radius and ulna; Wrist = carpals; Hand = metacarpals and phalanges.

  • Radius vs. Ulna Position

    Radius is lateral (thumb side); Ulna is medial (pinky side) in anatomical position.

  • Pelvic Girdle Composition

    Two ossa coxae, each formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis fused at acetabulum.

  • Lower Limb Bone Sequence

    Femur → patella → tibia/fibula → tarsals → metatarsals → phalanges.

  • Fibula vs. Tibia Function

    Fibula is lateral and non-weight-bearing; tibia is medial and weight-bearing.

  • Four Types of Joints by Structure

    Bony (synostoses), fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

  • Synovial Joint Characteristics

    Most movable; joint capsule with fibrous outer layer and synovial membrane; synovial fluid lubricates joint.

  • Six Types of Synovial Joints

    Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket joints.

  • Joint Movements Examples

    Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Supination/Pronation, Rotation, Circumduction.

  • Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Features

    Only diarthrotic skull joint; synovial hinge; has fibrocartilage articular disc; ligaments strengthen it.

  • Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint Stabilizers

    Glenoid labrum, rotator cuff muscles, bursae, ligaments, and joint capsule.

  • Elbow Joint Components

    Humeroulnar (hinge) and humeroradial (rotation) joints; radial and ulnar collateral ligaments; annular ligament around radius.

  • Knee Joint Key Structures

    Largest joint; hinge with limited lateral movement; includes MCL, LCL, ACL, PCL, medial and lateral menisci.

  • Lever Classes in the Body

    First-class: fulcrum between effort and resistance; Second-class: resistance between fulcrum and effort; Third-class: effort between fulcrum and resistance (most common).

  • Memory Cue for Vertebral Regions

    Breakfast at 7 = cervical; Lunch at 12 = thoracic; Dinner at 5 = lumbar vertebrae counts.

  • Memory Cue for Joint Lever Classes

    1st = Fulcrum middle; 2nd = Resistance middle; 3rd = Effort middle.