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Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Review

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  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain balance; positive feedback amplifies a change to drive a process to completion.

  • What are the body planes?

    The main body planes are sagittal (divides left and right), frontal (divides front and back), and transverse (divides top and bottom).

  • Function of ATP

    ATP provides energy for cellular processes by releasing energy when its phosphate bonds are broken.

  • Functions of enzymes

    Enzymes act as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

  • What is glycogen and where is it stored?

    Glycogen is a stored form of glucose primarily found in the liver and skeletal muscles.

  • Function of mitochondria, lysosome, and peroxisome

    Mitochondria produce ATP; lysosomes digest cellular waste; peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances.

  • Chemical structure of the plasma membrane

    The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

  • Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine glands release secretions through ducts to body surfaces or cavities.

  • Function of the plasma membrane

    The plasma membrane controls selective permeability, protecting the cell and regulating substance entry and exit.

  • Characteristics of epithelial tissue

    Epithelial tissue is avascular, has cell junctions, and covers body surfaces or lines cavities.

  • Three components of connective tissue

    Connective tissue consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance.

  • Connective tissue that maintains the shape of the external ear

    Elastic cartilage maintains the shape of the external ear.

  • First threat to life from a third-degree burn

    The first threat is fluid loss and dehydration due to damaged skin barrier.

  • Exocrine glands of the integument and their secretions

    Includes sebaceous glands (secrete oil) and sweat glands (secrete sweat for cooling).

  • What is an osteon?

    An osteon is the structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal.

  • What is Wolff’s law?

    Wolff’s law states that bone remodels in response to mechanical stress.

  • Functions of different bone cell types

    Osteoblasts build bone, osteoclasts break down bone, and osteocytes maintain bone tissue.

  • Difference between yellow and red bone marrow

    Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow stores fat.

  • Function of compact and spongy bone

    Compact bone provides strength and support; spongy bone reduces bone weight and houses marrow.

  • What makes C1 unique?

    C1 (atlas) supports the skull and allows nodding motion; it lacks a vertebral body.

  • What is scoliosis?

    Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

  • Significance of the Sella Turcica

    The Sella Turcica is a depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

  • Function of axial and appendicular skeletons

    The axial skeleton supports and protects organs; the appendicular skeleton facilitates movement.

  • Function of cruciate ligaments

    Cruciate ligaments stabilize the knee by preventing anterior-posterior displacement.

  • What is a bursae and its function?

    Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tissues.

  • Role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction

    The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions to trigger muscle contraction.

  • Difference between afferent and efferent nerves

    Afferent nerves carry sensory signals to the CNS; efferent nerves carry motor commands away from the CNS.