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Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals

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Terms in this set (29)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body and the relationships among those structures.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of how body structures function and perform their roles.

  • How are anatomy and physiology related?

    Structure determines function; the way a body part is structured allows it to perform its specific function.

  • List the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

  • What are the four primary tissue types?

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

  • Define the term 'organ'.

    An organ consists of two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions.

  • What are the characteristics of life?

    Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, growth, and reproduction.

  • Name the necessary life functions the body must perform to survive.

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • What are the basic survival needs of the human body?

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Describe the anatomical position.

    Standing upright, facing forward, head level, eyes forward, feet together or slightly apart, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

  • What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

    Toward the head or upper part of the body.

  • What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical terms?

    Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body.

  • Define 'anterior' and 'posterior'.

    Anterior means toward the front; posterior means toward the back of the body.

  • What is the difference between 'medial' and 'lateral'?

    Medial means toward the midline; lateral means away from the midline.

  • What do 'proximal' and 'distal' refer to?

    Proximal means closer to the point of attachment; distal means farther from the point of attachment.

  • Name the two major body regions.

    Axial region (head, neck, trunk) and appendicular region (limbs and attachments).

  • What are the major body cavities?

    Dorsal body cavity (cranial and vertebral cavities) and ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities).

  • What organs are found in the thoracic cavity?

    Heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels.

  • What is the function of serous membranes?

    They line closed body cavities, cover organs, produce serous fluid to reduce friction during organ movement.

  • Name the three major serous membranes and their associated organs.

    Pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominopelvic organs).

  • What are the main body planes used to divide the body?

    Sagittal (left/right), frontal/coronal (front/back), transverse/horizontal (top/bottom), and oblique (angled).

  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

    Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).

  • List the 11 major organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive.

  • What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D production, and waste elimination through sweat.

  • What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

    Support, protection, muscle attachment, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage, and energy storage.

  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?

    Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

  • What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

    Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (nerves and ganglia).

  • How does the endocrine system regulate body functions?

    By releasing hormones into the bloodstream that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and other processes.

  • What is the main role of the cardiovascular system?

    To transport blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and wastes throughout the body.