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Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals

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Terms in this set (27)

  • What is Anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts, often using observation to see sizes and relationships.

  • What is Physiology?

    Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.

  • Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology

    Structure determines function. If structure changes, function must also change.

  • Levels of Structural Organization

    1. Atoms → 2. Cells → 3. Tissue → 4. Organs → 5. Organ systems → 6. Organism

  • Main function of the Integumentary System

    Forms external body covering (skin, hair, nails), protects deeper tissues, regulates body temperature, and houses cutaneous nerve receptors.

  • Functions of the Skeletal System

    Supports the body for movement, site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), stores minerals, and includes bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

  • Role of the Muscular System

    Skeletal muscles contract or shorten to move bones.

  • Functions of the Nervous System

    Fast control system that detects changes, sends messages, and activates muscles and glands.

  • What does the Endocrine System do?

    Glands release hormones into blood to control growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.

  • Key functions of the Cardiovascular System

    Heart and blood vessels pump and transport blood, carrying oxygen, nutrients, and hormones.

  • Purpose of the Lymphatic System

    Returns leaked fluids to bloodstream, cleans blood, and supports immunity.

  • Main function of the Respiratory System

    Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood through nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

  • Role of the Digestive System

    Breaks down food, allows nutrient absorption into blood, and eliminates indigestible material as feces.

  • Functions of the Urinary System

    Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, balances water, electrolytes, and blood pressure.

  • Primary functions of the Reproductive Systems

    Produce sperm and eggs; females support fetus development.

  • List the Necessary Life Functions

    1. Maintain boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth

  • What are the Survival Needs of the Body?

    1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal body temperature 5. Stable atmospheric pressure

  • Describe the Anatomical Position

    Standing straight, feet together, arms at sides, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body.

  • Define Superior and Inferior

    Superior: toward the head or upper part; Inferior: away from the head or lower part of the body.

  • What do Ventral and Dorsal mean?

    Ventral (anterior): toward the front; Dorsal (posterior): toward the back of the body.

  • Explain Medial and Lateral

    Medial: toward the midline; Lateral: away from the midline of the body.

  • Difference between Proximal and Distal

    Proximal: closer to where a limb attaches to the body; Distal: farther from the limb attachment.

  • What are the Body Planes?

    Sagittal (left/right), Frontal (front/back), and Transverse (top/bottom) planes divide the body.

  • Name the Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants

    Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).

  • What is Homeostasis?

    Maintaining stable internal conditions to keep the body functioning properly.

  • Components of Homeostatic Control Mechanism

    Receptor (senses change), Control center (decides response), Effector (carries out response).

  • Difference between Negative and Positive Feedback

    Negative feedback reduces original change (e.g., thermostat). Positive feedback enhances change (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).