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Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals Ch 1 & Ch 2

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Terms in this set (28)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body and how body parts work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

  • What does the principle of complementarity of structure and function mean?

    Function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

  • Name the levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organismal levels.

  • What are the 11 major organ systems of the human body?

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

  • What is the main function of the integumentary system?

    External body covering that protects deeper tissues from injury (e.g., skin, nails, hair).

  • What is the primary role of the nervous system?

    Fast-acting control system that responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands.

  • Define homeostasis.

    Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous environmental changes; a dynamic state of equilibrium.

  • What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?

    Receptor (sensor), Control center, and Effector.

  • How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?

    Response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, returning the variable to its set point.

  • Give an example of a positive feedback mechanism.

    Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin or platelet plug formation during blood clotting.

  • What are the necessary life functions all living organisms carry out?

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • What is the chemical composition of carbohydrates?

    Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio.

  • What are monosaccharides?

    Simple sugars and monomers of carbohydrates, containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms (e.g., glucose, ribose).

  • What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?

    A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together; a compound is a molecule with two or more different kinds of atoms.

  • What are the main types of lipids in the body?

    Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids.

  • Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

    Glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a phosphorus-containing head (hydrophilic).

  • What are proteins made of?

    Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P.

  • What is the role of water in the body?

    Most abundant inorganic compound; acts as a solvent, has high heat capacity, cushions organs, and participates in chemical reactions.

  • What is an electrolyte?

    Ionic compounds that dissociate in water into cations and anions and conduct electrical current; essential for body functions.

  • What is metabolism?

    All chemical reactions in body cells, including catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis).

  • What is the difference between sex and gender?

    Sex is biological attributes based on chromosomes and hormones; gender is a psychosocial construct of behaviors and identities.

  • What is the function of the lymphatic system?

    Returns leaked fluid to blood, disposes of debris, and houses immune cells for defense.

  • What is the significance of anatomical variability?

    Humans vary slightly in anatomy; over 90% match textbook descriptions, but some structures may differ or be missing.

  • What tools are essential for studying anatomy?

    Observation, manipulation, palpation, auscultation, and medical imaging technologies like X-ray and MRI.

  • What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

    \((CH_2O)_n\), where n is the number of carbon atoms.

  • What is the role of oxygen in the body?

    Essential for metabolic reactions to release energy from food; survival without oxygen is only a few minutes.

  • What is the function of the urinary system?

    Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.