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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Organization and Systems

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  • What is Anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other.

  • What is Physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body and its parts.

  • What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, and Organism levels.

  • What is the smallest unit of life?

    Cells are the smallest units of life.

  • What is the function of the Integumentary system?

    Protects the body, waterproofs, cushions deeper tissues, produces vitamin D, excretes salts, regulates temperature, and houses nerve receptors.

  • What are the main functions of the Skeletal system?

    Provides muscle attachment for movement, protects organs, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.

  • What is the primary role of the Muscular system?

    Skeletal muscles contract to produce movement and generate heat.

  • What does the Lymphatic system do?

    Returns leaked fluids to bloodstream, cleanses blood, and houses white blood cells for immunity.

  • What are the main functions of the Respiratory system?

    Exchanges gases with blood, supplies oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide.

  • What are the functions of the Urinary system?

    Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintains acid-base balance, regulates water and electrolytes, and helps control blood pressure.

  • What is the role of the Nervous system?

    Fast-acting control system that responds to stimuli, processes information, and activates muscles and glands.

  • What does the Endocrine system control?

    Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.

  • What are the main functions of the Cardiovascular system?

    Pumps and transports blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells.

  • What is the function of the Digestive system?

    Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients into blood, and eliminates indigestible material as feces.

  • What are the primary functions of the Male reproductive system?

    Produces sperm and transports it to the exterior.

  • What are the primary functions of the Female reproductive system?

    Produces eggs and provides a site for fetal development.

  • What is Homeostasis?

    The state of maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What are the three components of homeostatic control?

    Receptor (sensor), Control center (analyzes input), and Effector (carries out response).

  • What is a Negative Feedback Mechanism?

    A response that reduces or turns off the original stimulus to maintain balance.

  • What is a Positive Feedback Mechanism?

    A response that enhances or increases the original stimulus, such as in labor or blood clotting.

  • What is the Anatomical position?

    Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

  • Define Superior and Inferior in anatomical terms.

    Superior means toward the head; Inferior means toward the lower part of the body.

  • Define Anterior and Posterior.

    Anterior is toward the front; Posterior is toward the back of the body.

  • What do Medial and Lateral mean?

    Medial is toward the midline; Lateral is away from the midline.

  • What is the difference between Proximal and Distal?

    Proximal is closer to the origin of a body part; Distal is farther from the origin.

  • What are the three main body planes?

    Sagittal (divides left and right), Frontal (divides front and back), and Transverse (divides top and bottom).

  • What are the two main body cavities?

    Dorsal cavity (protects nervous system) and Ventral cavity (contains most organs).

  • What are the subdivisions of the Dorsal cavity?

    Cranial cavity (brain) and Spinal cavity (spinal cord).

  • What are the subdivisions of the Ventral cavity?

    Thoracic cavity (lungs, heart) and Abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic organs).

  • Name the nine abdominopelvic regions.

    Right and Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right and Left Lumbar, Umbilical, Right and Left Iliac, Hypogastric.

  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

    Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, and Left Lower quadrants.