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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Organization and Systems

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Terms in this set (31)

  • What is the anatomical position?

    The anatomical position is standing erect with the head, eyes, and toes pointing forward, feet together, arms by the side, and palms facing forward.

  • Define the directional term 'Superior (cephalad)'.

    Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body.

  • Define the directional term 'Inferior (caudal)'.

    Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

  • What does 'Medial' mean in anatomical terms?

    Toward or at the midline of the body, or the inner side of.

  • What does 'Lateral' mean in anatomical terms?

    Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.

  • Explain the term 'Proximal'.

    Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

  • Explain the term 'Distal'.

    Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

  • What are the three main body planes?

    Sagittal (divides left and right), Frontal (divides anterior and posterior), and Transverse (divides superior and inferior).

  • What organs are housed in the cranial cavity?

    The brain is housed in the cranial cavity.

  • What organs are housed in the thoracic cavity?

    The heart, lungs, and other structures are housed in the thoracic cavity.

  • What organs are housed in the abdominopelvic cavity?

    The digestive system and most urinary system organs are housed in the abdominopelvic cavity.

  • What is the function of the pleura?

    The pleura is a serous membrane that lines the lungs and thoracic cavity, reducing friction during breathing.

  • Name the four abdominopelvic quadrants.

    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), Left lower quadrant (LLQ).

  • Name the nine abdominopelvic regions.

    Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar, Right iliac (inguinal), Hypogastric (pubic), Left iliac (inguinal).

  • What are the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex?

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

  • List the 11 major organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

  • What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

    Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, and provides sensory information.

  • What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

    Provides support and protection, stores calcium and other minerals, and forms blood cells.

  • What are the major functions of the muscular system?

    Provides movement, protection, support, and generates heat to maintain body temperature.

  • What are the major functions of the nervous system?

    Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates activities of other organ systems, and provides sensory information.

  • What are the major functions of the endocrine system?

    Directs long-term changes in other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use, and controls structural changes during development.

  • What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?

    Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide; distributes heat and assists in temperature control.

  • What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

    Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.

  • What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

    Delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide, and produces sounds for communication.

  • What are the major functions of the digestive system?

    Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, and stores energy reserves.

  • What are the major functions of the urinary system?

    Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance, stores urine, and regulates blood ion concentrations and pH.

  • What are the major functions of the male reproductive system?

    Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, hormones, and sexual intercourse.

  • What are the major functions of the female reproductive system?

    Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports embryo development, provides milk for newborn, and sexual intercourse.

  • What is the base unit of length in the metric system and some common subunits?

    The meter (m) is the base unit. Subunits include kilometer (km), centimeter (cm), millimeter (mm), micrometer (µm), and nanometer (nm).

  • What is the base unit of volume in the metric system and some common subunits?

    The liter (L) is the base unit. Subunits include milliliter (mL), centiliter (cL), deciliter (dL), and kiloliter (kL).

  • What is the base unit of mass in the metric system and some common subunits?

    The gram (g) is the base unit. Subunits include milligram (mg), centigram (cg), decigram (dg), and kilogram (kg).