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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Orientation and Homeostasis

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Terms in this set (25)

  • What is Anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

  • What is Physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery.

  • What are the necessary life functions?

    Movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth, and maintaining boundaries.

  • What are the survival needs of the human body?

    Oxygen, nutrients, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Define Homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment.

  • What are the components of a homeostatic control mechanism?

    Receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.

  • What is the role of the receptor in homeostasis?

    The receptor detects changes in the environment (stimuli) and sends information to the control center.

  • What is the function of the control center in homeostasis?

    The control center processes information from the receptor and sends commands to the effector.

  • What does the effector do in homeostasis?

    The effector produces a response that changes the variable to maintain homeostasis.

  • Describe negative feedback.

    A response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus to maintain balance.

  • Describe positive feedback.

    A response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, often leading to a cascade effect.

  • What is an example of positive feedback in the body?

    Formation of a platelet plug during blood clotting.

  • What is anatomical position?

    The standard body position used as a reference: standing upright, feet parallel, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

  • What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

    Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

  • What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical terms?

    Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

  • Define 'anterior' (ventral).

    Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

  • Define 'posterior' (dorsal).

    Toward or at the back of the body; behind.

  • What are the three main body planes?

    Frontal (coronal), sagittal (vertical), and transverse (horizontal) planes.

  • What is the difference between the axial and appendicular body divisions?

    Axial includes the head, neck, and trunk; appendicular includes the limbs.

  • What are the two main body cavities?

    Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral) and ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic).

  • What is the function of serous membranes?

    They line body cavities and cover organs, secreting fluid to reduce friction.

  • Name the four abdominopelvic quadrants.

    Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants.

  • What is the difference between proximal and distal?

    Proximal is closer to the origin of the body part; distal is farther from the origin.

  • Define 'medial' and 'lateral'.

    Medial is toward the midline of the body; lateral is away from the midline.

  • What is the oblique plane?

    A plane that passes through the body or a structure at an angle.