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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Orientation and Homeostasis

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Terms in this set (25)

  • Define anatomy and physiology.

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships. Physiology is the study of the functions of the body and its parts.

  • What is the principle of complementarity in anatomy and physiology?

    The principle states that function always reflects structure. The shape and texture of a body part determine its function.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > Organ system > Organism.

  • What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

  • What are the survival needs of the human body?

    Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, and Appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Name the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life.

    Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth.

  • Define homeostasis and its significance.

    Homeostasis is the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes, essential for survival.

  • What are the main components of a homeostatic control system?

    Receptor (sensor), Control center, and Effector.

  • Describe negative feedback in homeostasis.

    Negative feedback reduces or shuts off the original stimulus to maintain stability, e.g., body temperature regulation.

  • Describe positive feedback in homeostasis.

    Positive feedback enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, usually controlling infrequent events like blood clotting.

  • What is the anatomical position used for reference?

    Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.

  • Define the directional term 'superior (cranial)'.

    Toward the head or upper part of a structure; above.

  • Define the directional term 'inferior (caudal)'.

    Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure; below.

  • Define the directional term 'anterior (ventral)'.

    Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

  • Define the directional term 'posterior (dorsal)'.

    Toward or at the back of the body; behind.

  • What does 'medial' mean in anatomical terms?

    Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

  • What does 'lateral' mean in anatomical terms?

    Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.

  • Define 'proximal' and 'distal' in relation to limbs.

    Proximal: Closer to the origin or point of attachment.
    Distal: Farther from the origin or point of attachment.

  • What are the three most common body planes?

    Sagittal (divides into right and left), Frontal/Coronal (divides into anterior and posterior), Transverse/Horizontal (divides into superior and inferior).

  • Name the two main body cavities and their subdivisions.

    Dorsal cavity: Cranial and Vertebral cavities.
    Ventral cavity: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities.

  • What is the function of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity?

    They are thin, double-layered membranes that cover organs and cavity walls, secreting lubricating serous fluid to reduce friction.

  • List the four abdominopelvic quadrants.

    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), Left lower quadrant (LLQ).

  • What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

    Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, Right lateral (lumbar), Umbilical, Left lateral (lumbar), Right inguinal (iliac), Pubic (hypogastric), Left inguinal (iliac).

  • What is a clinical example of homeostatic imbalance involving body cavities?

    Hiatal hernia: part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity, causing acid reflux and irritation.

  • Why is understanding anatomical terms important in clinical settings?

    It ensures accurate communication, preventing errors like wrong-site surgery.