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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Systems and Homeostasis

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Terms in this set (25)

  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
    Anatomy and physiology are inseparable; function always reflects structure, meaning what a structure can do depends on its specific form.
  • Name the levels of structural organization in the human body.
    Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism.
  • List the necessary life functions of the human body.
    Maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
  • What are the five main survival needs for the human body?
    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.
  • Define homeostasis.
    Maintaining a stable internal environment within physiological limits for optimal function.
  • What are the three components of homeostatic control?
    Receptor (detects change), control center (processes information), and effector (carries out response).
  • Explain negative feedback in homeostasis.
    A mechanism that reverses the original stimulus to return a variable to its set point.
  • Explain positive feedback in homeostasis.
    A mechanism that enhances or amplifies the original stimulus.
  • What is the anatomical position?
    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
  • Differentiate between prone and supine positions.
    Prone is lying face down; supine is lying face up.
  • What are the axial and appendicular regions of the body?
    Axial includes head, neck, and trunk; appendicular includes upper and lower limbs.
  • Name the three major anatomical planes.
    Sagittal (divides left and right), frontal/coronal (divides front and back), transverse (divides top and bottom).
  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?
    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ).
  • What are serous membranes?
    Thin membranes that line body cavities and cover organs, reducing friction.
  • Name the major body cavities.
    Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
  • What is the function of the integumentary system?
    Protects the body, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses receptors and glands.
  • What does the skeletal system do?
    Protects organs, supports the body, and provides a framework for muscles.
  • What is the role of the muscular system?
    Allows movement, locomotion, facial expression, and maintains posture.
  • Describe the nervous system's function.
    Fast-acting control system that responds to internal and external changes via nerves and muscles.
  • What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?
    Transporting blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
  • How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?
    Supplies oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
  • What is the function of the urinary system?
    Eliminates waste, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
  • Explain the feedback mechanism controlling body temperature when too warm.
    Blood vessels dilate and sweating begins to lose heat.
  • Explain the feedback mechanism controlling body temperature when too cold.
    Blood vessels constrict and shivering begins to generate heat.
  • What happens during positive feedback in blood clotting?
    Platelets release chemicals attracting more platelets, rapidly forming a clot.