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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints & Movement Recall

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Terms in this set (44)

  • What is a synarthrosis joint?

    A synarthrosis is a functionally immovable joint.

  • Name immovable joint types.

    Suture (skull), gomphosis (tooth/PDL), synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage bridge), synostosis (bone fusion).

  • Define abduction.

    Abduction is movement away from the midline (e.g., fingers: middle finger; toes: 2nd toe).

  • Define adduction.

    Adduction is movement toward the midline.

  • List thumb movements.

    Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, opposition/reposition, circumduction (combination).

  • What is thumb opposition and reposition?

    Opposition: thumb touches fingertips; Reposition: thumb returns to anatomical position.

  • Most common ankle injury and mechanism?

    Lateral ankle sprain (ATFL) caused by inversion ± plantarflexion.

  • Define dorsiflexion and main muscle involved.

    Dorsiflexion is toes moving up; main muscle: tibialis anterior.

  • Define plantar flexion and main muscles involved.

    Plantar flexion is toes moving down; main muscles: gastrocnemius and soleus.

  • What type of joint is the elbow?

    The elbow is a synovial hinge joint (functionally diarthrosis).

  • What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

    An amphiarthrosis is a slightly movable joint.

  • Define triaxial joint and example.

    Triaxial joints move in 3 planes: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation; example: ball-and-socket joint.

  • What is a saddle joint? Example?

    A saddle joint allows biaxial movement; example: thumb 1st carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.

  • Movements permitted by synovial joints?

    Glide, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction, plus special movements like pronation/supination, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion, opposition.

  • Which joint has the greatest range of motion?

    Ball-and-socket joints have the greatest range; the shoulder is the most mobile.

  • What is hyperextension? Example?

    Hyperextension is extending a joint beyond its neutral position; example: neck bending backward past neutral.

  • Name the ligaments stabilizing the shoulder joint.

    Glenohumeral (superior, middle, inferior), coracohumeral, coracoacromial, transverse humeral, acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular (conoid, trapezoid).

  • What type of joint is the radiocarpal (wrist) joint?

    The radiocarpal joint is a condyloid/ellipsoid synovial joint, allowing biaxial movement.

  • Define diarthrosis.

    Diarthrosis is a freely movable joint, most are synovial joints.

  • What happens in a herniated disc?

    Tear in the annulus fibrosus allows the nucleus pulposus to protrude.

  • What contributes to hip joint stability?

    Deep acetabulum, labrum, strong capsule and ligaments, and surrounding muscles.

  • Name the main hip ligaments.

    Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres (± transverse acetabular ligament).

  • Function of menisci in joints?

    Shock absorption, load distribution, and improving congruency and stability.

  • What ligament supports the anterior knee?

    The patellar ligament supports the anterior knee.

  • Which ligament reinforces the posterior knee?

    The oblique popliteal ligament (± arcuate ligament) reinforces the posterior knee.

  • What resists valgus stress on the medial knee?

    The medial collateral ligament (MCL/TCL) resists valgus forces.

  • Functions of ACL and PCL?

    ACL prevents anterior tibial displacement; PCL prevents posterior tibial displacement.

  • What type of joint is the ankle (talocrural)?

    The ankle is a synovial hinge joint.

  • What is the rotator cuff and its muscles?

    The rotator cuff stabilizes the humeral head in the glenoid and aids shoulder motion; muscles: SITS - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis.

  • Name the structural classes of joints.

    Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial (classified by binding material and presence of cavity).

  • Name the functional classes of joints.

    Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable).

  • What is articular cartilage and its properties?

    Hyaline cartilage on bone ends; reduces friction, absorbs shock; avascular, so heals slowly.

  • Define eversion of the foot.

    Eversion is turning the sole of the foot outward.

  • What is supination of the forearm?

    Supination rotates the forearm so the palm faces up/anterior (like holding soup).

  • What articulations make up the elbow joint?

    Humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints within one capsule.

  • Name synovial joint accessory structures.

    Ligaments, tendons, bursae, tendon sheaths, menisci/discs, fat pads, and sometimes labrum.

  • What is the function of synovial fluid?

    Lubricates joints, nourishes cartilage, removes waste, reduces friction, and absorbs some shock.

  • What is a syndesmosis joint and example?

    A fibrous joint connected by ligaments or interosseous membrane; example: tibia–fibula.

  • Function of syndesmosis joints?

    Provide strong stability with slight movement.

  • Describe the mobility vs stability relationship in joints.

    Inverse relationship: more mobility means less stability, and vice versa.

  • What is the trochlea and its articulation?

    The trochlea is the medial distal humerus that articulates with the ulna.

  • Longest and heaviest bone in the body?

    The femur is the longest and heaviest bone.

  • What does the clavicle articulate with?

    The clavicle articulates with the manubrium medially and the acromion laterally.

  • What is the neuromuscular junction?

    The synapse between a motor neuron and the muscle fiber's motor end plate; neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (ACh).