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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints and Movements

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Terms in this set (30)

  • What is an articulation (joint)?
    A site where two or more bones meet, allowing skeleton mobility and holding the skeleton together.
  • Name the three structural classifications of joints.
    Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial joints.
  • What are the three functional classifications of joints based on movement?
    Synarthroses (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable), Diarthroses (freely movable).
  • Describe sutures as a type of fibrous joint.
    Rigid, interlocking joints of the skull with short connective tissue fibers; immovable in adults and called synostoses when fused.
  • What characterizes syndesmoses joints?
    Bones connected by ligaments with variable fiber length, allowing varying degrees of movement.
  • Define gomphoses joints and give an example.
    Peg-in-socket fibrous joints; example is teeth in alveolar sockets held by periodontal ligament.
  • What unites bones in cartilaginous joints?
    Bones are united by cartilage, either hyaline cartilage in synchondroses or fibrocartilage in symphyses.
  • Describe synchondroses joints.
    Bones united by hyaline cartilage; mostly immovable, e.g., epiphyseal plates and 1st rib with sternum.
  • What are symphyses joints and their movement type?
    Bones united by fibrocartilage with articular hyaline cartilage; strong, slightly movable (amphiarthrotic) joints like intervertebral discs.
  • List the six general features of synovial joints.
    Articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane), synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.
  • What is the function of synovial fluid?
    Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage and contains phagocytic cells to remove debris.
  • What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
    Bursae are fluid-filled sacs reducing friction; tendon sheaths are elongated bursae wrapping tendons to reduce friction.
  • Name the three factors influencing synovial joint stability.
    Shape of articular surface, number and location of ligaments, and muscle tone (most important).
  • Define the terms origin and insertion in muscle attachment.
    Origin is attachment to immovable bone; insertion is attachment to movable bone.
  • What are the three general types of synovial joint movements?
    Gliding, angular movements, and rotation.
  • Describe gliding movements with examples.
    Flat bone surfaces slip over each other; examples include intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
  • What are angular movements? List types.
    Movements changing the angle between bones: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
  • Explain rotation movements and give examples.
    Turning bone around its long axis; medial rotation toward midline, lateral rotation away; e.g., rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae.
  • What special movements occur at synovial joints?
    Supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, and opposition.
  • Name the six types of synovial joints based on shape and movement.
    Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
  • What is unique about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
    A modified hinge joint allowing depression/elevation and side-to-side grinding; most easily dislocated joint.
  • Describe the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint's stability and mobility.
    Most freely moving joint; ball-and-socket with shallow glenoid cavity; stability mainly from muscle tendons and rotator cuff.
  • What ligaments stabilize the elbow joint?
    Anular ligament surrounds radius; ulnar and radial collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movement.
  • How does the hip joint maintain stability?
    Deep acetabulum socket with acetabular labrum and strong ligaments limit dislocations.
  • What makes the knee joint complex?
    Three joints in one cavity: femoropatellar (plane), lateral and medial tibiofemoral (hinge) joints with menisci and multiple ligaments.
  • What is the 'unhappy triad' injury in the knee?
    Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament, tibial collateral ligament, and medial meniscus, often from lateral blows.
  • What causes osteoarthritis and its symptoms?
    Degenerative wear-and-tear arthritis with cartilage breakdown; symptoms include joint stiffness and crepitus.
  • What is rheumatoid arthritis and its mechanism?
    Chronic autoimmune disease causing synovial membrane inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage erosion, and joint deformity.
  • Describe gouty arthritis.
    Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints causing inflammation, often affecting the big toe; untreated leads to joint fusion.
  • What causes Lyme disease and its joint-related symptoms?
    Bacterial infection from tick bites causing rash, flu-like symptoms, and possible arthritis; treated with antibiotics.