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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints and Movements

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Terms in this set (41)

  • What are the two main classifications of joints?
    Structural (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and functional (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses).
  • Define synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses.
    Synarthroses: immovable joints; Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints; Diarthroses: freely movable joints.
  • What characterizes fibrous joints?
    Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity; mostly immovable.
  • Name the three types of fibrous joints.
    Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.
  • What is a suture joint?
    A rigid, interlocking fibrous joint found only in the skull; immovable in adults.
  • Describe syndesmoses joints.
    Bones connected by ligaments; fiber length varies, allowing variable movement.
  • What is a gomphosis joint?
    A peg-in-socket fibrous joint; example is the tooth held in its alveolar socket by the periodontal ligament.
  • What defines cartilaginous joints?
    Bones united by cartilage with no joint cavity; limited movement.
  • Differentiate synchondroses and symphyses.
    Synchondroses: bones united by hyaline cartilage, mostly immovable. Symphyses: bones united by fibrocartilage, slightly movable.
  • What are synovial joints?
    Joints with a fluid-filled cavity separating bones; all are freely movable (diarthrotic).
  • List the six general features of synovial joints.
    Articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.
  • What is the function of synovial fluid?
    Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage and contains phagocytic cells to remove debris.
  • What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
    Bursae are fluid-filled sacs reducing friction; tendon sheaths are elongated bursae wrapping tendons.
  • Name the three factors influencing synovial joint stability.
    Shape of articular surfaces, ligament number and location, and muscle tone (most important).
  • Define gliding movement in synovial joints.
    Sliding of flat bone surfaces across each other, e.g., intercarpal joints.
  • What are angular movements? Give examples.
    Movements changing the angle between bones: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction.
  • Explain rotation movements.
    Turning a bone around its own long axis; medial rotation toward midline, lateral rotation away.
  • What special movements are allowed by synovial joints?
    Supination, pronation, opposition, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction.
  • List the six types of synovial joints.
    Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar (ellipsoid), saddle, ball-and-socket.
  • What is the 'unhappy triad' in knee injuries?
    Tears of the tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament caused by lateral blows.
  • Describe osteoarthritis.
    Degenerative arthritis caused by cartilage breakdown; common with aging; symptoms include joint stiffness and crepitus.
  • What is rheumatoid arthritis?
    Chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease causing joint pain, swelling, and deformity; involves synovial membrane inflammation.
  • What causes gouty arthritis?
    Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints causing inflammation, often affecting the big toe.
  • What is the cause and treatment of Lyme disease related to joints?
    Caused by bacteria from tick bites; symptoms include joint pain; treated with long courses of antibiotics.
  • How do joints change with aging?
    Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken; intervertebral discs may herniate; osteoarthritis is common.

  • What are joints (articulations)?

    Sites where two or more bones meet

  • What are the functions of joints?

    give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together

  • Fibrous joints are joined by what?

    dense fibrous connective tissue

  • List the three types of fibrous joints

    Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

  • Closed, immoveable sutures referred to as _____

    synostoses

  • ________ are bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue

    syndesmoses

  • _______ are peg-in-socket joints

    gomphoses

  • What is an example of a gomphoses?

    teeth in alveolar sockets

  • Fibrous connection is the __________ which holds tooth in socket

    periodontal ligament

  • List the two types of cartilaginous joints

    synchondroses, symphyses

  • What are syncondroses?

    unite bons with a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage

  • Almost all synchronous joints are ________

    Synarthrotic (immovable)

  • What are examples of synchondroses?

    Temporary epiphyseal plate joints (become synostoses after plate closure) and cartilage of first rib with manubrium of sternum

  • What are symphyses?

    Unites bone with fibrocartilage.

  • Symphyses are slightly movable, immovable, or freely movable?

    slightly movable, amphiarthrotic

  • What are some examples of symphyses joints?

    intervertebral joints, and pubic symphysis