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Anatomy & Physiology: Key Concepts and Structures

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What are the main topics of gross anatomy?
    Regional (studied area by area), Systemic (studied system by system), and Surface (external form and relation to deeper structures).
  • What is cytology and histology in microscopic anatomy?
    Cytology is the study of cells, and Histology is the study of tissues.
  • What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?
    Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism levels.
  • Name three imaging techniques used in anatomy.
    Radiography, Computed Tomography (CT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
  • What is the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
    A model describing the plasma membrane as a flexible layer made of lipid molecules interspersed with proteins.
  • What is the function of the glycocalyx on the plasma membrane?
    It consists of carbohydrates and proteins/lipids that help in cell recognition and protection.
  • Define endocytosis and its types.
    Endocytosis is the internalization of substances by vesicle formation; types include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
  • What is exocytosis?
    The process by which cells expel accumulated vesicle secretions, such as enzymes or mucus.
  • What are the main components of the cytoplasm?
    Cytosol (fluid), cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic inclusions, and organelles.
  • What are the three types of cytoskeletal elements and their functions?
    Microtubules (support and transport), microfilaments (structure and movement), and intermediate filaments (mechanical strength).
  • What is the role of ribosomes?
    Sites of protein synthesis, either free in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Differentiate rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
    Rough ER has ribosomes and modifies proteins; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids.
  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
    Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use.
  • What are lysosomes and their function?
    Organelles containing enzymes that digest cellular waste and foreign material.
  • Describe peroxisomes and proteasomes.
    Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and amino acids producing hydrogen peroxide; proteasomes degrade and recycle proteins.
  • What is the primary function of mitochondria?
    Major site of ATP synthesis, providing energy for the cell.
  • What is chromatin and how does it relate to chromosomes?
    Chromatin is DNA complexed with proteins; it condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
  • What are cilia and their function?
    Hair-like projections that move materials over the cell surface.
  • How do flagella differ from cilia?
    Flagella are longer, usually one per cell, and move the cell itself in a wave-like fashion.
  • What is the function of microvilli?
    Extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption; they do not move.