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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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  • Genetics of Turner’s Syndrome

    Turner’s Syndrome is characterized by having a single X chromosome (X instead of XX) on the karyotype.

  • Genetics of Down’s Syndrome

    Down’s Syndrome results from trisomy of chromosome 21 (three copies instead of two).

  • Function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

    FSH stimulates spermatogenesis in males and ovarian follicle development in females.

  • Where do spermatozoa mature?

    Spermatozoa mature in the epididymis.

  • Type of cell division producing gametes

    Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes (sperm and ova).

  • Site of fertilization of an ovum

    Fertilization of an ovum takes place in the uterine tube (fallopian tube).

  • Secondary sexual characteristics develop in response to

    Secondary sexual characteristics develop in response to testosterone and estrogen.

  • How are sperm moved along the ductus deferens?

    Sperm are moved by peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens.

  • Cremaster muscle response on a warm day

    On a warm day, the cremaster muscle is relaxed, allowing the testes to descend away from the body.

  • Definition of gestation

    Gestation is the time spent growing in the uterus before birth.

  • Who has the lowest heart rate?

    Athletes typically have the lowest resting heart rates due to cardiovascular conditioning.

  • Definition of angiogenesis

    Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels, not the formation of the first vessels.

  • Where do pulmonary arteries carry blood?

    Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs.

  • Location of the foramen ovale

    The foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria of the fetal heart.

  • Why do veins have valves but arteries do not?

    Veins have valves to prevent backflow because they operate under lower pressure and work against gravity; arteries do not need valves due to high pressure from the heart.

  • Difference between primary and secondary antibody response

    Primary response is slower and occurs on initial antigen exposure; secondary response is faster, stronger, and lasts longer with higher antibody levels.

  • Definition of opsonization

    Opsonization is the process where target cells are coated with proteins to attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis.

  • Upper vs lower respiratory tract components

    Upper respiratory tract: nose, mouth, pharynx.
    Lower respiratory tract: larynx, trachea, bronchioles, lungs.

  • Main tissue type of respiratory mucosa

    The respiratory mucosa is mainly composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

  • Main problem in cystic fibrosis affecting breathing

    Thick mucus produced by mucosa blocks clearance by the mucociliary escalator, causing frequent lung infections and breathing difficulties.

  • Definition of peristalsis

    Peristalsis is the involuntary wave-like muscle contractions that move food, liquids, and waste through the digestive tract.

  • Difference between ingestion and absorption

    Ingestion: intake of food and liquids into the mouth.
    Absorption: movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.

  • Function of the uvula

    The uvula prevents food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing.

  • Tissue type of oral mucosa

    The oral mucosa is made of stratified squamous epithelium.

  • Types of teeth and their functions

    Incisors: clipping and cutting.
    Canines: tearing and slashing.
    Premolars and molars: crushing, mashing, and grinding.

  • Type of immunity protecting against specific pathogens

    Adaptive immunity provides protection against specific pathogens through targeted immune responses.