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Anatomy & Physiology Lab 1 & 2 Review

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Terms in this set (20)

  • Define the anatomical terms: superficial vs. deep.

    Superficial refers to structures closer to the body surface, while deep refers to structures further away from the surface.

  • What is the difference between superior and inferior in anatomical terms?

    Superior means above or higher, and inferior means below or lower relative to another structure.

  • Explain ipsilateral vs. contralateral.

    Ipsilateral means on the same side of the body, while contralateral means on the opposite side.

  • What do the terms proximal and distal mean, and when are they used?

    Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or origin, and distal means farther away. These terms are used only within the same limb.

  • Name the five main sectional planes of the body.

    Sagittal, midsagittal (median), frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal or cross), and oblique planes.

  • What body cavities are included in the dorsal cavity?

    The dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

  • List the four abdominopelvic quadrants.

    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).

  • What are the basic metric units used in anatomy and physiology for length, area, volume, mass, and temperature?

    Length: meters (m), Area: meters squared (m2), Volume: liters (L) or cubic meters (m3), Mass: grams (g), Temperature: Celsius (C).

  • What prefixes are commonly used in metric units and what do they mean?

    Milli (m) = one-thousandth, centi (c) = one-hundredth, kilo (k) = one thousand times the basic unit.

  • What is the function of the condenser lens on a microscope?

    The condenser lens focuses light on the specimen to improve illumination and contrast.

  • Describe the purpose of the iris diaphragm lever on a microscope.

    The iris diaphragm lever adjusts the amount of light passing through the condenser to control contrast.

  • What is the difference between the coarse and fine focus knobs on a microscope?

    The coarse focus knob is for large adjustments to focus, and the fine focus knob is for precise focusing after initial adjustment.

  • What does it mean that microscope objective lenses are parfocal?

    Parfocal means that when switching between objective lenses, the specimen remains nearly in focus, requiring only minor fine focusing.

  • How is total magnification calculated on a microscope?

    Total magnification = magnification of ocular lens × magnification of objective lens.

  • Name three organelles found in a generalized animal cell and their functions.

    Mitochondria: produce energy; Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins; Rough ER: synthesizes proteins.

  • What are the main phases of the cell cycle?

    Interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis.

  • What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    Mitosis produces two identical somatic cells; meiosis produces four genetically unique gametes.

  • What happens during the S phase of interphase?

    DNA replication occurs, doubling the genetic material in preparation for cell division.

  • What is cytokinesis?

    Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

  • What is the typical water content percentage in a human cell?

    Approximately 65-70% of a typical human cell is water.