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Anatomy & Physiology Lab Exam 1 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (32)

  • Anatomical position

    The body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat and slightly apart, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

  • Pairs of directional terms

    Examples include superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, and superficial/deep.

  • Body planes

    The three main planes are sagittal (divides left and right), frontal (coronal) (divides front and back), and transverse (divides top and bottom).

  • Body cavities

    Major cavities include the dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral) and the ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic).

  • Contents of the thoracic cavity

    Includes the heart and lungs, protected by the rib cage.

  • Serous membrane structure

    Consists of two layers: the parietal layer lining the cavity wall and the visceral layer covering the organ, with serous fluid between.

  • Serous membranes in body cavities

    Examples: pleura in thoracic cavity, pericardium around the heart, and peritoneum in the abdominopelvic cavity.

  • Abdominopelvic quadrants

    Divided into right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants for anatomical reference.

  • Tissue definition

    A group of similar cells and their extracellular matrix performing a common function.

  • Four tissue types in the body

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

  • Five common characteristics of epithelial tissue

    Cellularity, polarity, attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, and high regeneration capacity.

  • Epithelial tissue classification by shape and layers

    Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar. Layers: simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers).

  • Simple squamous epithelium function and location

    Allows rapid diffusion; found in alveoli of lungs and lining blood vessels.

  • Simple cuboidal epithelium function and location

    Secretion and absorption; found in kidney tubules and gland ducts.

  • Simple columnar epithelium function and location

    Absorption and secretion; lines most of the digestive tract.

  • Stratified squamous epithelium types

    Keratinized (skin surface, waterproof) and nonkeratinized (moist linings like mouth and esophagus).

  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium function and location

    Secretes mucus and moves it with cilia; found in respiratory tract lining.

  • Three types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue

    Tight junctions (seal cells), desmosomes (anchor cells), and gap junctions (allow communication).

  • Common components of connective tissue

    Cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance (fluid or gel-like matrix).

  • Areolar connective tissue function and location

    Supports and binds other tissues; found beneath epithelial tissues and around organs.

  • Adipose tissue function and location

    Stores energy and cushions organs; found under skin and around kidneys.

  • Dense regular connective tissue function and location

    Provides strong attachment in one direction; found in tendons and ligaments.

  • Hyaline cartilage function and location

    Provides smooth surfaces for joint movement; found on ends of long bones and nose.

  • Bone tissue function and location

    Supports and protects body structures; forms the skeleton.

  • Blood tissue function and location

    Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes; found within blood vessels.

  • Three types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • Skeletal muscle function and location

    Voluntary movement; attached to bones.

  • Cardiac muscle function and location

    Pumps blood; found only in the heart.

  • Smooth muscle function and location

    Moves substances through hollow organs; found in walls of intestines and blood vessels.

  • Neuron definition

    A nerve cell that transmits electrical signals.

  • Parts of a neuron

    Cell body, dendrites (receive signals), and axon (sends signals).

  • Nervous tissue function and location

    Transmits electrical impulses; found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves.