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Anatomy & Physiology Lab Exam One Study Guide

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  • Anatomical Position

    The standard reference position in anatomy where the body is standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

  • Directional Term: Anterior (ventral)

    Refers to the front or belly side of the body.

  • Directional Term: Posterior (dorsal)

    Refers to the back side of the body.

  • Directional Term: Superior (cranial)

    Means toward the head or upper part of a structure.

  • Directional Term: Inferior (caudal)

    Means away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.

  • Directional Term: Proximal

    Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

  • Directional Term: Distal

    Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

  • Directional Term: Medial

    Toward the midline of the body.

  • Directional Term: Lateral

    Away from the midline of the body.

  • Directional Term: Superficial

    Closer to or on the surface of the body.

  • Directional Term: Deep

    Farther from the surface of the body.

  • Body Plane: Sagittal

    Divides the body into left and right parts.

  • Body Plane: Midsagittal

    Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

  • Body Plane: Parasagittal

    Divides the body into unequal left and right parts.

  • Body Plane: Frontal (coronal)

    Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

  • Body Plane: Transverse (horizontal)

    Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

  • Major Body Cavities

    Cranial, vertebral, pleural, pericardial, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

  • Cell Organelle: Mitochondrion

    Organelle responsible for producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

  • Cell Organelle: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

    Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and transport.

  • Epithelial Tissue Classification by Cell Shape

    Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (tall and column-shaped).

  • Epithelial Tissue Classification by Layers

    Simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers).

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium

    Single layer of flat cells; allows for diffusion and filtration.

  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium

    Multiple layers of flat cells; protects underlying tissues.

  • Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue: Areolar

    Contains randomly arranged collagen fibers; cushions organs and holds tissue fluids.

  • Dense Regular Connective Tissue

    Fibers tightly packed and parallel; provides strong attachment (e.g., tendons).

  • Types of Cartilage

    Hyaline (smooth, glossy), elastic (flexible), fibrocartilage (toughest, collagen-rich).

  • Skeletal Muscle Tissue

    Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations; voluntary movement.

  • Cardiac Muscle Tissue

    Branched, uninucleate cells with striations; involuntary, found in heart.

  • Smooth Muscle Tissue

    Spindle-shaped, uninucleate cells without striations; involuntary control.

  • Neuron Structure

    Consists of dendrites, soma (cell body), and axon; transmits nerve impulses.

  • Layers of Epidermis

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.