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Anatomy & Physiology Lab Practical I Study Guide

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Terms in this set (46)

  • Function of the microscope's objective lens
    The objective lens magnifies the specimen and determines the total magnification when combined with the ocular lens.
  • Total magnification formula

    Total magnification = ocular lens magnification × objective lens magnification.

  • Working distance in microscopy
    The working distance is the space between the objective lens and the specimen; it decreases as magnification increases.
  • How to calculate cell size under a microscope

    Cell size can be estimated by dividing the field diameter by the number of cells that fit across the field.

    Use microscope number / number of objects for width or height

  • How an object appears under the microscope

    Objects appear inverted and reversed under a compound light microscope.

    Put my thang down flip it and reverse it

  • Use of directional terms in anatomy
    Directional terms like proximal, anterior, lateral describe locations relative to body parts or planes.
  • Body planes and sections
    Common planes include sagittal (left/right), frontal (front/back), and transverse (top/bottom).
  • Body cavities and serous membranes

    Body cavities house organs; serous membranes line cavities and secrete fluid to reduce friction.

    V = touching organ

    P= protecting outside of all of this

  • Quadrant and nine-region methods
    Methods to subdivide the abdomen for anatomical reference: quadrants (4) and nine regions (9).
  • Diffusion and molecule size
    Smaller molecules diffuse faster; large molecules like proteins usually cannot cross semipermeable membranes.
  • Definition of semipermeable membrane
    A membrane that allows some molecules to pass but blocks others based on size or charge.
  • Osmosis and tonicity
    Osmosis is water movement across a membrane; tonicity describes solution concentration relative to the cell (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic).
  • Cell shape changes in different tonicities
    In hypertonic solutions, cells crenate; in hypotonic, they may lyse; isotonic solutions cause no change.
  • Direction of water flow in osmosis problems
    Water moves from a hypotonic (less solute) to a hypertonic (more solute) solution.
  • Effect of surface area to volume ratio on diffusion
    Higher surface area to volume ratio increases the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane.
  • Phases of mitosis
    Mitosis phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, leading to cell division.
  • Criteria for categorizing tissues
    Tissues are categorized by structure, function, and location into types like epithelium and connective tissue.
  • Functions of epithelial tissue
    Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, protects, absorbs, secretes, and filters substances.
  • Functions of connective tissue
    Connective tissue supports, binds, protects, and stores energy.
  • Identification of skin layers
    Skin layers include epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each with distinct functions.
  • Functions of the epidermis
    The epidermis provides a protective barrier and prevents water loss.
  • Functions of the dermis
    The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands, supporting skin structure and sensation.
  • Differences between thick and thin skin
    Thick skin has a thicker epidermis and no hair follicles; thin skin has hair and thinner epidermis.
  • Structures found in skin and their functions
    Skin structures include hair follicles, sweat glands, and sensory receptors, each with specific roles.

  • Simple squamous epithelial tissue

    highly adapted for diffusion

    air sacs of the lungs and walls of capillaries

  • Simple Cuboidal epithelium

    Function: secretion and absorption

    Location: ducts of small glands, ovary surface

  • Simple Columnar epithelium

    AKA: Goblet Cells

    Function: protection, absorption, and secretion

    Location: digestive tract, uterus

  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

    FAKE layered cells

    Function: secrete mucus

    Location: respiratory tract, nasel cavity

  • Stratified squamous epithelium

    Can be keratinized (waterproofing protein)

    Function: protection

    Location:

    Non-keratinized - wet areas=mouth, nose

    Keratinized - skin

  • Transitional epithelium

    Appearance: wavy

    Function: stretches, and secretes mucus

    Location: urinary bladder and uterus

  • Stratified cuboidal epithelium

    Description: Two to three layers of cells

    Function: Forming ducts of glands

    Location: mammary glands and sweat glands

  • Stratified columnar epithelium

    Description: 2 layers of cells

    Function: pretty rare in the body

    Location: Found in the male urethra

  • Connective tissue fibers

    Collegen Fibers: strong protein fibers

    Elastic Fibers: Allow tissue to stretch and rebound to its original shape

    Reticular Fibers: Snmall, thin, branching fibers

  • Loose Connective Tissues

    Fluid -like ground substance, usually with fiber

  • Areolar Connective Tissue

    Description: With all 3 fiber types

    Function: General packing material around organs

    Location: Around organs, vessels, and under skin

  • Reticular connective tissue

    Description: Thin reticular fibers that make framework for organ

    Function: Makes a framework for a fluid-like substance to flow through

    Location: Lymph nodes, bone marrow

  • Adipose Tissue

    Description: FAT

    Function: fat storage (energy), as well as shock absorption and insulation

    Location: under the skin, around organs

  • Dense Connective Tissue

    WHOLE NEW TOPIC

  • Dense regular connective tissue

    Description: primarily composed of collegen fibers, parallel to each other

    Function: strength

    Location: tendons and ligaments

  • Dense irregular connective tissue

    Description: Looks like spagetti

    Function: protective capsule around joints and organs

    Location: may be in dermis of skin

  • Elastic connective tissue

    Description: LOOKS LIKE CURLY HAIR

    Function: stretch and recoil = like curly hair

    Location: arteries, lungs, vocal cords

  • CARTILAGE

    Also, a connective tissue!

  • Hyaline cartialige

    Description: appears glossy, like fish eyes

    Function: support and resiliency

    Location: nose, end of long bones

  • Fibrocartilage

    Description: visible collagen fibers, nucleus in between gaps

    Function: support and stretch and holding weight

    Location: weight bearing areas, knees and pubic bones

  • Elastic cartilage

    Description: like adipose but more together

    Function: support anf flexibility

    Location: external ear

  • Blood

    Erythrocytes (red blood) = carry oxygen and look white in picture

    Leukocytes (white blood) = protection and immunity; look dark in picture

    Platelets: tiny sprinkles in picture